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...on Adolescents
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www.ProjectCork.org
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Summer 2007
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Program use of effective drug abuse treatment practices for juvenile offenders.
Henderson CE; Young DW; Jainchill N; Hawke J; Farkas S; Davis RM. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 32(3): 279-290, 2007. (89 refs.)
This study examined the extent to which organizational context predicted use of consensus-based elements of effective substance abuse treatment practices with juvenile offenders. Participants were either directors of substance abuse treatment programs located in residential facilities (institutional sample) or directors of community-based treatment agencies providing services to adolescents in their home communities (community sample). The two settings differed significantly in the number and types of effective practices they were using. Community programs were more likely to have staff qualified to deliver substance abuse treatment, involve families in treatment, and assess their treatment outcomes. In contrast, institutional programs were more likely to provide comprehensive services. Resources dedicated to training, internal support for new programming, and network connectedness with non-criminal-justice facilities were associated with greater use of effective practices. These findings highlight the importance of establishing corrections-community partnerships designed to promote continuity of care for juvenile offenders. Copyright 2007, Elsevier Science.
Adolescent salvia substance abuse.
Singh S. Addiction 102(5): 823-824, 2007. (8 refs.)
Background: Salvia divinorum is a non-water-soluble hallucinogen that is becoming increasingly popular among adolescents. Salvia is a highly selective full agonist of primate and cloned human cerebral kappa-opioid receptors, although its psychotomimetic effects are similar to serotonergic agonists and NMDA glutamate antagonists. Salvia has been associated with depersonalization, laughter, feelings of levitation and self-consciousness. These effects resolve within 30 minutes following use. Salvia has been banned in many countries, although it remains legal and easily assessable over the internet in the United States. Case description A 15-year-old man with a history of salvia and marijuana use presented to psychiatric emergency services with acute onset of mental status changes characterized by paranoia, deja vu, blunted affect, thought blocking and slow speech of 3 days' duration. Conclusion: There is limited literature discussing the clinical effects of salvia use. Based on this case presentation, salvia use may be associated with many undocumented long-term effects such as deja vu. The ease of use and increasing popularity of salvia requires further investigation into the clinical effects of salvia use. Copyright 2007, Society for the Study of Addiction to Alcohol and Other Drugs.
Cocaine and alcohol use preceding suicide in African American and white adolescents.
Garlow SJ; Purselle DC; Heninger M. Journal of Psychiatric Research 41(6): 530-536, 2007. (46 refs.)
The goal of this investigation was to determine whether cocaine and ethanol use was a differentiating factor between African American and white teenage suicide victims. This is a retrospective analysis of medical examiner's records of all completed suicides in Fulton County, GA from 01/1989 to 12/2003, and included 1296 cases. There were 79 suicide victims aged 19 and younger during the study interval, and of this group, 49 (62%) were African American, 26 (33%) were white, and 4 (5%) other race, compared to adults (20 <= years) where 28.5% were African American, 68.6% white and 2.9% other race (chi(2) = 42.678, d.f. = 2, p < 0.0001). Of the black teenaged victims, 82.2% had no cocaine or alcohol detected at autopsy, while 41.7% of the white victims were positive for one or both substance (chi(2) = 4.633, d.f. 1, p = 0.04). Only 8.9% of the black teenage suicide victims had used cocaine prior to death compared to 28% of the whites (chi(2) = 4.432; d.f. = 1; p < 0.04). The suicide rate (suicide/100,000/year) for black teens was 5.48 compared to 4.16 for whites, but the rate of cocaine positive teen suicides was 1.12 for whites and 0.45 for blacks. The pattern of cocaine use changes dramatically in the adult group, with 27% of African American suicide victims compared to 7.7% of whites being positive (chi(2) = 73.272; d.f. = 1; p < 0.001). Use of intoxicating substances does differentiate teenage suicide victims, as only a small proportion of black teenagers had used cocaine or alcohol prior to death compared to almost half of all whites. Copyright 2007, Elsevier Science.
Constructing maturity through alcohol experience: Focus group interviews with teenagers.
Demant J; Jarvinen M. Addiction Research & Theory 14(6): 589-602, 2006. (19 refs.)
Danish 14- and 15-year-olds are at the top of the European list when it comes to drinking and drunkenness. The aim of this article is to demonstrate how the struggle for social recognition -- with alcohol as the central marker -- transpires in groups of teenagers in Denmark. This article shows how alcohol experience and positive attitudes towards drinking are related to popularity and influence in the peer group. The function of alcohol in teenagers' struggle for recognition is so strong that the participants who drink very little or not at all are put under considerable pressure. With alcohol as a central marker of maturity - and the drinking teenagers' parents described as supporters of this view non-drinking teenagers come out as the potential losers in the negotiation of status in the groups. The data are drawn from a large qualitative study in which 28 focus group interviews were conducted with Danish teenagers. This article represents a close reading of two of the interviews. Theoretically, the analysis is inspired by symbolic interactionism, Erwin Goffman's dramaturgical approach to social interaction and the post-structuralist reasoning of Judith Butler. Copyright 2006, Taylor & Francis.
Does childhood sexual abuse have an effect on young adults' nicotine disorder (dependence or withdrawal)? Evidence from a birth cohort study.
Al Mamun A; Alati R; O'Callaghan M; Hayatbakhsh MR; O'Callaghan FV; Najman JM et al. Addiction 102(4): 647-654, 2007. (40 refs.)
Aims: To examine whether there is evidence of an independent association between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and nicotine disorder in youth and to explore the mechanisms underlying this association in a prospective cohort study. Design Birth cohort study followed-up to 21 years. Setting One of two major obstetric hospitals in Brisbane, Australia. Participants The Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy involves a prospective birth cohort from a population-based sample involving 7223 singletons whose mothers were enrolled between 1981 and 1984 at the first antenatal visit. The present cohort consisted of a subgroup of 2571 youth who completed the life-time version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-computerized version (CIDI-Auto) at the 21-year follow-up. Measurements Nicotine disorder was measured based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version IV (DSM-IV) diagnostic criteria and measures of CSA, including retrospective self-reports of rape, were obtained at 21 years. Results Of 2571 young adults, 16.6% met the criteria for either dependence (12.8%) or withdrawal (8.5%). Non-penetrative sexual abuse was reported by 15.5% of respondents and 8.0% reported penetrative sexual abuse. For any types of sexual abuse including non-penetrative, penetrative and self-reported rape before age 16 years, young adults had significantly higher rates of nicotine disorder than young adults who did not experience CSA. This relationship was independent and appeared direct after adjustment for a range of potential confounding and mediating factors. Conclusions This study shows that CSA is associated with young adult nicotine disorder. The results extend the public health significance of findings in this area and highlight the importance of not only intensifying public health efforts to address substance use problems among those who have experienced CSA, but of early intervention, so that emerging risky behaviours may be targeted in the earliest stages. Copyright 2007, Society for the Study of Addiction to Alcohol and Other Drugs.
Drug use and delinquent behavior: A growth model of parallel processes among high-risk youths.
Dembo R; Wareham J; Schmeidler J. Criminal Justice and Behavior 34(5): 680-696, 2007. (41 refs.)
The continuity of self-reported heavy alcohol and marijuana use and self-reported delinquency among adolescents is examined using latent growth model analyses in a sample of 278 justice-involved juveniles completing at least one of three follow-up interviews as part of a National Institute on Drug Abuse-funded study. Latent growth models are analyzed examining (a) changes in heavy alcohol and marijuana use over time, (b) changes in delinquency over time, and (c) the contemporaneous, parallel processes of changes in substance use and delinquency over time. Results indicate that substance use increased over time, whereas delinquency decreased over time. However, the growth model examining the simultaneous influence of delinquency on substance use suggests that delinquency exacerbated substance use over time. Implications for policy and intervention service needs are discussed. Copyright 2007, Sage Publications.
Five-year prospective prediction of self-initiated quitting of cigarette smoking of high-risk youth.
Sussman S; Dent CW. Addictive Behaviors 32(5): 1094-1098, 2007. (7 refs.)
This paper provides a 5-year replication-extension of a previous 1-year follow-up study of the same sample of southern California alternative high school youth. Demographic, behavioral, psychosocial, and emerging adult function predictors of adolescent self-initiated smoking cessation were investigated. Based on the first (1-year) prospective study and this follow-up, one may speculate that smoking cessation programs for adolescents should include counteraction of problem-prone attitudes, assistance with job aspirations and information about drug-free workplaces, motivation to quit strategies, and assistance with overcoming withdrawal symptoms. Copyright 2007, Elsevier Science.
The cost of drug use in adolescence: Young people, money and substance abuse.
McCrystal P; Percy A; Higgins K. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 14(1): 19-28, 2007. (31 refs.)
It is now common for young people in full-time compulsory education to hold part-time jobs. However, while the 1990s experienced a rise in illicit drug use particularly among young people and an increase in the level of interest in identifying factors associated with drug use, little attention has been paid to the influence of the money young people have to spend and its potential links with drug use. Four thousand five hundred and twenty-four young people living in Northern Ireland completed a questionnaire in school year 10 (aged 13/14 years). The findings suggested that there was a positive association between the amount of money young people received (and its source) and higher rates of drug use. The study concludes that money, and how it is spent by young people, may be an important factor for consideration when investigating drug use during adolescence. The findings may help inform drug prevention strategies, particularly through advice on money management, and taking responsibility for their own money. Copyright 2007, Taylor and Francis.
The influence of best friends and siblings on adolescent smoking: A longitudinal study.
Harakeh Z; Engels RCME; Vermulst AA; De Vries H; Scholte RHJ. Psychology & Health 22(3): 269-289, 2007. (74 refs.)
The present study investigated whether best friend and/or siblings' smoking affected adolescent smoking. Data of the Dutch Family and Health study was used in which 428 families participated with two adolescent children between the age of 13 and 17 years. Our findings showed that adolescents with older siblings who smoked were more likely to smoke one year later. In contrast, older adolescents were not affected by smoking of their younger siblings. Smoking of the best friend influenced smoking of the younger sibling. With regard to the specific transition from never smoking to smoking initiation, older and younger siblings with a smoking best friend were more likely to start smoking one year later. Younger siblings with older siblings who smoked were more likely to initiate smoking one year later. The influence of friends and siblings on adolescent smoking appeared to be small to moderate. Copyright 2007, Taylor & Francis.
Trajectories of change in adolescent substance use and symptomatology: Impact of paternal and maternal substance use disorders.
Walden B; Iacono WG; McGue M. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 21(1): 35-43, 2007. (47 refs.)
The effects of paternal and maternal substance use disorders (SUDs) on trajectories of change in adolescent offspring nicotine, alcohol, and drug use and symptornatology were investigated in a population-based sample of adolescent twins (N = 1,514). Adolescent and parental substance phenotypes were assessed when most adolescents were I I years old, with 2 assessments of adolescents approximately every 3 years thereafter. Growth curves were fit using hierarchical linear modeling. Results indicated acceleration of substance involvement during adolescence, particularly for boys. Paternal and maternal SUD were each associated with more extreme trajectories. There was evidence for an additive, rather than interactive, combined parental effect. Findings help clarify the impact of paternal and maternal SUD on the development of substance involvement during adolescence. Copyright 2007, Educational Publishing Foundation.
The development and preliminary validation of the adolescent domain screening inventory: A substance use prevention tool.
Corrigan MJ; Loneck B; Videka L. Research on Social Work Practice 17(3): 348-357, 2007. (33 refs.)
The objective of this study was to develop a screen assessing domains in at-risk and substance-using adolescents. The Adolescent Domain Screening Inventory (ADSI) consists of four subscales: school, family, community, and individual or peer. A convenience sample of 6,661 youths was employed. Analyses included concurrent criterion validity, known instrument construct validity, convergent construct validity, cut points, and gender and race correlations. Concurrent criterion validity correlations range from r = .85 to r = .95. Correlation for known instrument validity is r = .56 and convergent construct validity is r = .49. Cut points produced positive predictive values ranging from .46 to .53. The ADSI demonstrated a general applicability across gender and race. The ADSI is an instrument demonstrating acceptable psychometric properties. Copyright 2007, Sage Publications.
The relationship between exposure to alcohol advertising in stores, owning alcohol promotional items, and adolescent alcohol use.
Hurtz SQ; Henriksen L; Wang Y; Feighery EC; Fortmann SP. Alcohol and Alcoholism 42(2): 143-149, 2007. (41 refs.)
Aim: This paper describes adolescents' exposure to alcohol advertising in stores and to alcohol-branded promotional items and their association with self-reported drinking. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was administered in non-tracked required courses to sixth, seventh, and eighth graders (n = 2125) in three California middle schools. Logistic regressions compared the odds of ever (vs. never) drinking and current (vs. ever) drinking after controlling for psychosocial and other risk factors for adolescent alcohol use. Results: Two-thirds of middle school students reported at least weekly visits to liquor, convenience, or small grocery stores where alcohol advertising is widespread. Such exposure was associated with higher odds of ever drinking, but was not associated with current drinking. One-fifth of students reported owning at least one alcohol promotional item. These students were three times more likely to have ever tried drinking and 1.5 times more likely to report current drinking than students without such items. Conclusions: This study provides clear evidence of an association of adolescent drinking with weekly exposure to alcohol advertising in stores and with ownership of alcohol promotional items. Given their potential influence on adolescent drinking behaviour, retail ads, and promotional items for alcohol deserve further study. Copyright 2007, Oxford University Press.
R-rated movies, bedroom televisions, and initiation of smoking by white and black adolescents.
Jackson C; Brown JD; L'Engle KL. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 161(3): 260-268, 2007. (45 refs.)
Objective: To test movie exposure and television use as predictors of smoking initiation among white and black adolescents who had never smoked cigarettes. Design: Survey research using audio computerassisted self-interviews at baseline and at 2- year followup ( 2002- 2004). Setting: Participants' homes located in central North Carolina. Participants: A sample of 735 12- to 14- year- old adolescents drawn from 14 public middle schools. Main Exposure: Frequency of exposure to movies rated R, PG- 13, PG, or G; frequency, location, and parental oversight of television viewing. Main Outcome Measure: Initiation of smoking, indicated by the first occasion of puffing on a cigarette. Results: Among white adolescents, high relative exposure to R- rated movies predicted a significantly greater likelihood of smoking initiation at follow- up, and private access to television during early adolescence, indicated by having a bedroom television, was also a significant independent predictor of smoking initiation at follow- up. No significant associations were observed between any movie- exposure or television- use variables and likelihood of smoking among black adolescents. Conclusions: Indicators of risky media use were associated with a significantly greater likelihood of smoking for white but not for black adolescents. These results diverge strongly from past results, which have indicated that all adolescents, regardless of race or place of residence, have a higher risk of smoking initiation as their exposure to movie smoking increases. Research is needed to identify the antecedents of risky media use and to understand how audience attributes, including race and other factors, moderate the effects of risky media use on health related behaviors. Copyright 2007, American Medical Association.
Changes in use of alcohol, marijuana, and services by adolescents with serious emotional disturbance: A parallel-process growth mixture model.
Greenbaum PE; Dedrick RF. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 15(1): 21-32, 2007. (42 refs.)
For the study reported here, the authors used growth mixture modeling to analyze changes in alcohol and marijuana use and the use of drug and alcohol treatment services for a sample of 180 adolescents with serious emotional disturbance (ages 12-14 years at the beginning of the 7-year longitudinal study). Three latent classes of substance users were identified, two of which exhibited significant linear increases in substance use. As expected, adolescents who were heavily involved in substance use at the beginning of the study and who significantly increased their substance use were the most likely to receive the greatest number of alcohol and drug services. Adolescents who had low levels of substance use at the beginning of the study but whose substance use increased significantly during the study received fewer services. The fact that the initially low substance-use class eventually ended up resembling the high substance-use class at the end of the 7-year study underscores the importance of collecting longitudinal data on substance use and employing the rate of change in substance use as an indicator of the need for treatment. Advantages of growth mixture and parallel processing modeling for studying changes in substance use and services are discussed. Copyright 2007, PRO-ED INC.
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