CORK database search
resource materials
bibliographies
clinical tools
user services
newsletters
about cork
home
|
|
...on Adolescents |
|
www.ProjectCork.org |
Summer 2005 |
Beliefs and social norms about cigarettes or marijuana sticks laced with embalming fluid and phencyclidine (PCP): Why youth use "Fry".
Peters RJ; Kelder SH; Meshack A; Yacoubian GS; McCrimmons D; Ellis A. Substance Use & Misuse 40(4): 563-571, 2005. (9 refs.)Recent drug-use monitoring among Houston adolescents has detected a concoction of cigarettes or marijuana sticks laced with embalming fluid and PCP ("fry"). To shed light on this mixture, the current pilot study used a qualitative approach to investigate relevant beliefs and norms associated with fry initiation and perceived addiction among 38 youth who were attending outpatient and inpatient drug-user treatment programs in the spring of 2003. Respondents perceived that addiction to fry could occur as early as initial consumption, and the majority of participants indicated that their second fry event occurred either the same day as their initial use or the next day. In addition, fry use was perceived to have extremely dangerous consequences. Youth stated that users have impaired motor skills, hallucinations, long-term mental health problems, incoherent behavior, paranoia, and aggressive behaviors. Implications for these results are discussed.
Copyright 2005, Marcel Dekker, Inc.
Does alcohol advertising promote adolescent drinking? Results from a longitudinal assessment.
Ellickson PL; Collins RL; Hambarsoomians K; McCaffrey DF. Addiction 100(2): 235-246, 2005. (48 refs.)Aims: To examine the relationship between exposure to different forms of alcohol advertising and subsequent drinking among US adolescents and assess whether exposure to an alcohol and drug prevention program mitigates any such relationship. Design Regression models with multiple control variables examined the relationship between exposure to alcohol advertising in grade 8 and grade 9 drinking for two groups of South Dakotan adolescents: (1) seventh-grade no-drinkers (n = 1206) and (2) seventh-grade drinkers (n = 1905). Interactions between the intervention program and the significant advertising predictors were tested. Setting: Forty-one middle schools in South Dakota, US. Participants: A total of 3111 seventh-graders followed through grade 9. Measurements Advertising variables were constructed for four types of alcohol advertising-television, in-store displays, magazines and concession stands. Other predictors tested included measures tapping social influences, social bonds, problem behavior, alcohol beliefs, television exposure and demographics. Findings: For seventh-grade non-drinkers, exposure to in-store beer displays predicted drinking onset by grade 9; for seventh-grade drinkers, exposure to magazines with alcohol advertisements and to beer concession stands at sports or music events predicted frequency of grade 9 drinking. Although exposure to television beer advertising had a significant bivariate relationship with alcohol use for grade 7 non-drinkers, it was not a significant predictor of drinking for either group in multivariatc analyses. Participation in the prevention program. ALERT Plus, reduced future drinking for both groups and counteracted the effect of in-store beer displays. Conclusions: Several forms of alcohol advertising predict adolescent drinking; which sources dominate depends on the child's prior experience with alcohol. Alcohol prevention programs and policies should help children counter alcohol advertising from multiple sources and limit exposure to these sources.
Copyright 2005, Society for the Study of Addiction to Alcohol and Other Drugs.
Adolescent drinking level and adult binge drinking in a national birth cohort.
Jefferis BJMH; Power C; Manor O. Addiction 100(4): 543-549, 2005. (29 refs.)Aims: To assess (i) continuities in binge drinking across adulthood and (ii) the association between adolescent drinking level and adult binge drinking. Design: Population-based prospective birth cohort. Setting England, Scotland and Wales. Participants: All births during one week in March 1958 (n = 8520 in analysis). Measurements: Alcohol consumption reported at 16, 23, 33 and 42 years. Binge drinkers were identified by dividing number of units of alcohol consumed in the last week by usual drinking frequency, with limits of >= 10 units/occasion for men and >= 7 for women. Findings: Four in five cohort members drank alcohol at least twice a month. Prevalences of binge drinking at 23, 33 and 42 years among men were 37%, 28% and 31% and among women 18%, 13% and 14%. Most binge drinkers in adulthood changed drinking status during this period. Nevertheless, binge drinking at age 23 increased the odds of binge drinking at 42 years: odds ratio (OR) 2.10 (95% CI 1.85, 2.39) for men; OR 1.56 (95% CI 1.29,1.89) for women. Women who rarely or never drank aged 16 were less likely than light drinkers (0-2 units/week) to binge drink as adults, OR at 23 years 0.65 (95% CI 0.55, 0.77). Men who were heavier drinkers (>= 7 units/week) at 16 years were more likely than light drinkers to binge drink throughout adulthood; at 42 years, OR 1.64 (95% CI 1.33, 2.08). Conclusions: Binge drinking is common in British men and women throughout adulthood with continuities between the 20s and 40s. Adolescent drinking has a modest although important association with adult binge drinking.
Copyright 2005, Society for the Study of Addiction to Alcohol and Other Drugs.
Are educational aspirations associated with the risk of alcohol use and alcohol use-related problems among adolescents?
Crum RM; Storr CL; Anthony JC. Substance Use & Misuse 40(2): 151-169, 2005. (59 refs.)Objective: Using prospective data, we hypothesized that public middle school students with high educational aspirations would report less alcohol use, and alcohol use-related problems in the subsequent year. Methods: The participants for these analyses included students, ages 11 to 14 years old, participating in a longitudinal study in an urban sample of public schools (n = 1229). As part of the prospective annual assessments of the students, in 1992 (to) and 1993 (t(1)), data on educational aspirations and on alcohol use, and alcohol use-related problems were gathered. Latent variable modeling was used to assess the relationship between educational aspirations at baseline (to) and subsequent year drinking behavior (t1) in two separate models, one to examine the relationship of educational aspirations with self-reported alcohol use (model 1), and another to examine the association with alcohol use-related problems (model 2). Potential confounding by age, sex, race-ethnicity, alcohol use by peers, self-reported school performance, and neighborhood environment was held constant in each model. In addition, each model took into account the prior year report of alcohol use and alcohol use-related problems, respectively. Results: The evidence indicated that students with high aspirations were no more nor less likely to report subsequent alcohol use [beta = 0.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.19, 0.49; p = 0.38] nor alcohol use-related problems (beta = -0.009, CI = -0.07, 0.06; p = 0.80). Other characteristics were associated with alcohol use at follow-up and included race-ethnicity (being non-Black), neighborhood environment, and having friends who drink alcohol. Characteristics associated with alcohol use-related problems at the time of the follow-up interview also included race-ethnicity, peer drinking, neighborhood environment, as well as older age. Conclusions: Findings from the current study do not support the hypothesis that educational aspirations have significant influences on alcohol consumption or drinking problems in this study population of urban, predominantly Black students. As such, this work helps to advance our understanding of suspected relationships between educational aspirations, as well as factors associated with resilience to alcohol use and the occurrence of alcohol use-related problems.
Copyright 2005, Marcel Dekker, Inc.
Conversion and validation of the Teen-Addiction Severity Index (T-ASI) for Internet and automated-telephone self-report administration.
Brodey BB; Rosen CS; Winters KC; Brodey IS; Sheetz BM; Steinfeld RR et al. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 19(1): 54-61, 2005. (20 refs.)This study converted the Teen-Addiction Severity Index (T-ASI) into self-report formats using Internet (Net) and interactive voice response (IVR) automated-telephone technologies. Reliability and convergent validity were assessed among 95 inpatient adolescent participants. Current functioning scores obtained by clinician interview correlated well with self-report Net (mean r = .74, SD = .14) and IVR (mean r = .72, SD = .16). Lifetime history items obtained by clinicians were consistent with self-report Net (mean r = .60, SD = .32; mean K = .67, SD = .24) and IVR formats (mean r = .60, SD = .30; mean K = .64, SD = .26). Participants rated "ease of use" as being high for both Net and IVR formats. These findings suggest that automated T-ASI administration is a valid and potentially less expensive alternative to clinician-administered T-ASI interviews.
Copyright 2005, American Psychological Association.
Recurrent disruptions of rituals and routines in families with paternal alcohol abuse.
Haugland BSM. Family Relations 54(2): 225-241, 2005. (47 refs.)Changes in rituals and routines between drinking and sobriety were examined in families in treatment due to paternal alcohol abuse. Information was gathered through a semistructured family interview. Recurrent disruptions of rituals and routines were found between different phases in the drinking cycle. Disruptions were found typically with regard to the fathers' participation in rituals and routines, the parental roles and responsibility, the affective quality of the rituals, and the general family climate. Four categories of families were distinguished based on amount and type of disruptions in family rituals and routines (i.e., protecting, emotional disruptive, exposing, and chaotic families). Implications for intervention are described.
Copyright 2005, National Council on Family Relations.
Alcohol and cannabis: Young people talking about how parents respond to their use of these two drugs.
Highet G. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 12(2): 113-124, 2005. (51 refs.)In recent y ears, there has been increasing concern over rising levels of alcohol and cannabis use among young people. This paper reports Findings: from a qualitative investigation of young people's cannabis-related beliefs and behaviour. Fifty-nine boys and girls aged 13 to 15 years were interviewed, mostly in self-selected friendship pairs, in six contrasting locations in east central Scotland. This paper explores how young people talked about their parents' responses, actual and anticipated, to knowledge of their alcohol and cannabis use. These accounts suggest three similar sets of responses for both alcohol and cannabis, but one significant difference. Some young people reported parents taking a prohibitive approach, others reportedly responded with varying degrees of passive tolerance. In the final set of responses, relating mostly to alcohol, many young people reported their parents talking openly and negotiating boundaries around their drinking. This approach appeared to be largely effective in helping them to develop a responsible approach to alcohol. By contrast, cannabis was rarely talked about openly, becoming instead the subject of speculation and assumption. The paper concludes that supporting parents openly to discuss their children's actual or potential cannabis use before it begins or before it becomes problematic is an important step in helping to reduce the harms associated with misuse of cannabis.
Copyright 2005, Carfax Publishing.
Sibling effects on smoking in adolescence: Evidence for social influence from a genetically informative design.
Slomkowski C; Rende R; Novak S; Lloyd-Richardson E; Niaura R. Addiction 100(4): 430-438, 2005. (38 refs.)Aims: Behavioral genetic research has suggested that sibling effects on smoking may reflect social rather than genetic processes. We utilize a genetically informative sample of adolescents to test this proposition, focusing on sibling relationship processes (social connectedness) shown to be influential in studies of deviancy. Design: A combined twin-sibling Design: was employed to disentangle genetic and non-genetic effects. Participants We utilized a sample of 1421 adolescent sibling pairs participating in the US National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). These sibling pairs represent a spectrum of genetic relatedness and include monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins, biological siblings, half-siblings and unrelated siblings. Measurements: Participants completed self-report questionnaires on smoking behavior, quality of relationship with their sibling (social connectedness) and peer and parental smoking. Findings: Main effects of both shared environment and genetics were found on adolescent smoking frequency. Social connectedness between siblings moderated shared environmental influences on smoking frequency at each time period, as well as on change in smoking frequency. Shared environmental effects were more pronounced when siblings reported high levels of social connectedness. These environmental sibling effects on smoking were significant after controlling for parent and peer smoking. Conclusions: This report extends prior research on sibling effects on smoking by identifying specific relationship dynamics that underlie transmission of risk within sibships and providing evidence that such relationship dynamics represent social rather than genetic processes.
Copyright 2005, Society for the Study of Addiction to Alcohol and Other Drugs.
The epidemiology of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine use among Mexican American, Puerto Rican, Cuban American, and other Latin American eighth-grade students in the United States: 1991-2002.
Delva J; Wallace JM; O'Malley PM; Bachman JG; Johnston LD; Schulenberg JE. American Journal of Public Health 95(4): 696-702, 2005. (37 refs.)Objectives. We compared trends in and correlates of marijuana use, cocaine use, and heavy alcohol use for adolescents of Mexican American, Puerto Rican, Cuban, and other Latin American heritage in the United States. Methods. We used/examined data from nationally representative samples of eighth-grade Hispanic students who participated in the Monitoring the Future study during the years 1991-2002 (n=24235). Results. Drug use was significantly higher among boys and adolescents of almost all Hispanic ethnicities who did not live with both parents. In addition, drug use differed considerably according to ethnic group on language first spoken, parental education, urbanicity, and region. Conclusions. A better understanding of the homogeneity and heterogeneity of drug use patterns within and between Hispanic groups should assist in the development of prevention programs.
Copyright 2005, American Public Health Association.
Dual and multiple diagnosis among substance using runaway youth.
Slesnick N; Prestopnik J. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 31(1): 179-201, 2005. (94 refs.)Although research on runaway and homeless youth is increasing, relatively little is known about the diagnostic profile of runaway adolescents. The current study examined patterns of psychiatric dual and multiple diagnosis among a sample (N=226) of treatment-engaged substance-abusing youth (ages 13 to 17) who were residing at a runaway shelter. As part of a larger treatment outcome study, the youths' psychiatric status was assessed using the DSM-IV based computerized diagnostic interview schedule for children [CDISC]. The majority of the youth in our sample met criteria for dual or multiple diagnosis (60%) with many having more than one substance-use diagnosis (56%). The severity of mental-health and substance-use problems in this sample of substance-abusing runaways suggests the need for continued development of comprehensive services. The range and intensity of diagnoses seen indicates a need for greater focus on treatment development and strategies to address their multiple areas of risk.
Copyright 2005, Marcel Dekker, Inc. Used with permission.
Elementary school drinking: The role of temperament and learning.
Anderson KG; Smith GT; McCarthy DM; Fischer SF; Fister S; Grodin D. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 19(1): 21-27, 2005. (32 refs.)Drinking in elementary school, despite its low base rate, has been shown to predict alcohol use in middle school (Wilson, Battistich, Syme, D Boyce, 2002), which in turn predicts alcohol abuse or dependence in young adults (Guo, Collins, Hill, D Hawkins, 2000). The authors report 1 of the 1st examinations of the relationship between personality and psychosocial learning risk factors and drinking behavior among elementary school students. Fifth-grade students completed measures of disinhibition, positive and negative alcohol expectancies, and drinking. MIMIC modeling, tests of mediation, and tests of moderation were completed to test these relations. It was found that disinhibition and positive alcohol expectancies were each related to drinking in 5th graders. Disinhibition moderated the relation between positive alcohol expectancies and drinking in some cases. Mediation was not supported.
Copyright 2005, American Psychological Association.
Identifying and predicting adolescent smokers' developmental trajectories.
Stanton WR; Flay BR; Colder CR; Mehta P. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 6(5): 843-852, 2004. (38 refs.)Very few studies have defined trajectories of smoking. In the present study, we modeled growth in adolescent smoking and empirically identified prototypical trajectories. We conceptualized escalation of smoking as a growth process and modeled rates of change and heterogeneity of these patterns using latent growth mixture modeling. The analysis identified six trajectories with low ambiguity about group membership (early rapid escalators, late rapid escalators, late moderate escalators, late slow escalators-smokers, stable puffers, and late slow escalators-puffers). A trajectory of quitters was not identified. We also examined predictors of the smoking trajectories. The predictors were assessed across the adolescent years and included variables related to smoking and other substance use, as well as a range of variables related to sociodemographic factors and mental health. Observed change in the pattern of predictors across age has implications for the mechanism of effect of these variables in relation to smoking trajectories, including predictors that differentiated among daily smokers, variables that may determine the trajectory (e.g., friends smoking), and variables that may result from the trajectory (e.g., marijuana use, less attachment to friends).
Copyright 2004, Taylor & Francis Ltd.
Peer suicidal behavior and adolescent risk behavior.
Cerel J; Roberts TA; Nilsen WJ. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 193(4): 237-243, 2005. (20 refs.)The relationship between adolescent suicide attempts and death by suicide and psychosocial functioning of peers remains poorly understood, especially in the myriad ways that these suicidal behaviors might impact friends. This study explored the relationship between peer suicidal behavior and adolescent risk behavior using a large, nationally representative sample of adolescents (N = 5852). Results indicate that youth exposed to peer suicidal behavior are significantly more likely to have their own suicidal ideation and attempts, and to smoke cigarettes and marijuana, binge drink, be involved in a serious physical fight, and have inflicted injuries that require medical attention. These results highlight the need for professionals to be aware of these risks in friends of those who have attempted or died by suicide. Assessment and intervention for peers is appropriate and required for this at-risk group.
Copyright 2005, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Inc.