CORK Database

Scope Notes and Thesaurus of Subject Terms

February 2004

Note: The terms in bold are key words used to index materials in the CORK database

A
Aborigines	Search native peoples .
Abortion	Includes spontaneous abortion.
Absorption	Manner in which alcohol or other drugs are taken up by the body. Includes pharmacokinetics.
Abstinence	Non-drinking. Includes persons in recovery.
Abuse potential	The psychopharmacological properties of a drug that influence its likelihood of being a drug of abuse.
Access to health care	Search health care access .
Access to treatment	Search treatment access.
Accident	See related emergency medicine.
Acculturation	The process of an immigrant's adopting behaviors of, as well as adapting to, a new culture.
Acetaldehyde
Acetaminophen
Acidosis	Serious medical complication, associated with drug overdose as well as ingestion of non-beverage alcohol.
Acupuncture
Acute Effects	Immediate effects of substance use, applicable to any one, not just those with abuse or dependence.
Addiction	Search dependence.
Adolescents	Puberty to age 19. See related colleges.
Adrenal effects	Search endocrine system.
Adult COA	Adult Children of Alcoholics.
Adulterants	Search contaminants.
Advertising	See related media.
Affective Disorder	Search Mood Disorder.
African Americans	Search Blacks. See related racial and ethnic groups.
Aftercare	Services rendered to patients following discharge from formal treatment.
Age	Search specific age groups: neonate, preadolescent, adolescent, young adult, elderly. For the relation of age to other phenomenon, combine epidemiology with the subject of interest.
Aged	Search elderly.
Aggression	See also related violence.
Aging	Physiological processes.
Agonists	Agents that act on cellular receptors in ways that mimic the action of the naturally occurring neurotransmitters. In distinction to antagonists, that block activity at receptors.
AIDS	Includes HIV+, incidence, prevalence, relationship to substance use patterns and behavior patterns that increase risk.
Al-Anon	Search Alcoholics Anonymous.
Alaska Natives
Alateen	Search Alcoholics Anonymous.
Alcohol interactions	The effects when alcohol is taken in combination with another drug. Includes interaction with medically prescribed medications.
Alcohol/drug deterrents	Search drug therapy. For alcohol problems, search disulfiram. For opiates search antagonists.
Alcohol related	Tag term, do not use alone. Use to limit searches to items that address alcohol specifically.
Alcohol withdrawal	Combine withdrawal and alcohol related (a tag term).
Alcohol-drug counselor	Information addressed uniquely to the profession, and information about the profession (credentialing standards etc.).
Alcohol-drug education	Includes formal educational initiatives, whether at the community level or within institutions, such as schools. Does not include clinical settings or professional training. See related patient education, professional education, curriculum and schools, or combine terms.
Alcoholic beverage	Information about beverage preferences, specific beverages consumed, problems related to particular beverages.
Alcoholics anonymous	History of the organization, studies about it, and its use in treatment. Includes Al-Anon and Alateen.
Alcoholism definitions
Aldehyde dehydrogenase	Search ALDH.
ALDH	Aldehyde dehydrogenase.
Alzheimer's disease	Search chronic disease.
American Indians	Search Native Americans.
Americans with Disabilities Act	Combine laws and disabled.
Amnesia	Search memory.
Amphetamines	See related specific analogs, e.g. Ecstasy. See related designer drugs.
Anabolic steroids	Search steroids.
Analgesics
Anesthesia	Refers to clinical surgical use. For abuse of anesthetic agents, Search by drug class or by name of compound.
Anesthesiology	Medical specialty and practitioners.
Animal study	Few animal studies are included, most represent significant new advances and are usually identified retrospectively. Combine with another term.
Anorexia Nervosa	Psychiatric disorder according to the nomenclature of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. See related Eating Disorder, or Bulimia.
Antagonists	Agents without psychoactive properties, but which cause effects by blocking the receptor actions of other compounds (endogenous or exogenous).
Anthropology	See related ethnography.
Anticholinergics	Drugs that block the activity of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, used primarily to reduce the activity of the parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system.
Antidepressants	Drugs from several drug classes used to manage Mood Disorders.
Antiemetic	Drug that suppress nausea and vomiting, includes phenothiazines and cannabinoids.
Antihistamines	Drugs that block the actions of histamine in allergic reactions and vasoconstriction; some are also used as soporifics.
Antisocial Personality Disorder	Psychiatric disorder according to the nomenclature of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.
Antitussives	Cough suppressants. See related over-the-counter.
Anxiety	A feeling state or a symptom, not synonymous with a psychiatric diagnosis of Anxiety Disorder. See related Anxiety Disorder.
Anxiety Disorder	Psychiatric disorder according to the nomenclature of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.
Anxiolytics	Anti-anxiety agents. See related benzodiazepines.
Art therapy
Asian-Americans	Includes Americans of Asian ancestry, or those who recently emigrated from countries in Asia. See related racial and ethnic groups.
Asians	Used as a racial group, most commonly in respect to differences in metabolism of alcohol.
Assessment	See related screening tests.
Athletes	Includes both professional and amateur sports at all levels.
Athletics	Search sports medicine or athletes.
Attention Deficit Disorder	Includes Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Psychiatric disorder according to the nomenclature of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	Search Attention Deficit Disorder.
Attitude	A belief and associated feelings about a phenomenon. For beliefs about the acute effects of substance use. Search expectancies.
Audiovisual aid	Films, videotapes for professional or patient education.
Auditory perception.
Autonomic nervous system	The portion of the nervous system concerned with regulation of the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands, etc.
Aversion therapy	A treatment modality based upon learning theory and conditioned behavior. See related behavior therapy.
Aviation	Search occupations or workplace.
B
BAC	Blood Alcohol Concentration.
Barbiturates	A central nervous system depressant and sedative properties. See related sedatives.
Bars	Drinking establishment, includes taverns, pubs, saloons.
Beer	Search alcoholic beverage.
Behavior patterns	Behaviors associated with abuse and dependence.
Behavior therapy	Treatment based on techniques of behavioral psychology. Symptom oriented. Includes conditioned, aversion, counter conditioning, desensitization, extinction, operant conditioning, reciprocal inhibition, and relaxation training.
Behavioral economics	Application of econometric theory to alcohol and drug use, and the individual's assessment of costs and benefits associated with use.
Behavioral theory	Search learning theory for explication and discussion of the theoretical framework that underpins behavioral therapy.
Beneficial effects	Improvement in health status related to drug or alcohol use. Combine with a body system, such as Cardiovascular system.
Benign essential tremor	Medical condition.
Benzodiazepines	Drugs that fall into the drug class of anti-anxiety agents, anxiolytics. Discusses medical use, therapeutic uses, abuse and dependence syndromes.
Beverage industry	Manufacturers of beer, wine, and distilled spirits, includes lobbying efforts, advertising.
Bhang	A cannabinoid. Search marijuana.
Bibliography	Bibliographies only. See related review article.
Bibliotherapy	A treatment modality involving independent educational efforts. See related patient education.
Binge drinking	Generally refers to at least 5 or more drinks per occasion for males, four for females. Search drinking patterns.
Biochemical markers	Changes that are associated with recent alcohol or drug use and could potentially be useful in assessment and diagnosis.
Biochemistry
Biological marker	A characteristic, generally considered genetic based which is associated with an increased risk of alcohol/drug problems. A potential method of identifying at-risk populations.
Blackout	Search memory.
Blacks	African-Americans. See related racial and ethnic groups.
Blind	Search disabled.
Blood alcohol concentration	Search BAC. See related blood clearance.
Blood clearance	Information on both the amount of alcohol/drugs in the blood and the rate at which it is metabolized.
Blood pressure	The impact of substance use. See related cardiovascular system and hypertension.
Body weight	Search weight.
Bone and Bones	Search skeletal system.
Borderline Personality Disorder	Psychiatric disorder according to the nomenclature of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.
Brain	Brain function or brain syndromes. See related Korsakoff Syndrome, memory, neuropsychology, cognitive function.
Breast cancer	See related carcinogenesis.
Breast feeding	The presence of alcohol and drugs in breast milk, and the impact upon the infant.
Breathalyzer	See related driving, laws.
Brief interventions	Search brief treatment.
Brief treatment
Bulimia	See the broader related term, Eating Disorders
C
Caffeine	Natural alkaloid which is mild central stimulant.
CAGE	A common screening test. See related screening tests.
Cancer	Search carcinogenesis; also combine with specific body system. See related breast cancer.
Cannabinoids	Search marijuana.
Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin	A biochemical marker indicating recent alcohol use.
Carcinogenesis	Epidemiology, prevalence, potential mechanisms and relationship of cancer to substance use. Combine with specific body system. See related breast cancer.
Cardiovascular system
Case management	Treatment approach used with those with chronic mental illness and substance use problems, to coordinate the provision of multiple services.
Case studies	Case reports.
Catholics	Search religious groups.
Central nervous system	The portion of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. See related brain.
Child abuse
Child care	Access to child care as obstacle to treatment, also problems related to caring for children.
Child development	Restricted to follow-up studies of children with FAS or FAE or with prenatal drug exposure.
Child welfare	Related to children in state protective custody.
Children	Search neonate, preadolescent, adolescents.
Children of alcoholics	Children with a parent with alcoholism. See related family, adult COA, and parental drinking.
Children of substance abusers	Counterpart to children of alcoholics. Impact of parental drug use upon children in the home. See related family, and parental use.
Cholesterol-blood
Chronic disease	Co-occurrence of chronic illness with substance abuse.
Chronic effects	Long term physical effects related to substance use, as distinguished from acute effects.
Chronic illness	Search chronic disease.
Chronic mental illness	Major psychiatric illnesses that require continuing care and a range of social services. See related schizophrenia.
Cigarettes	Search nicotine.
Circadian rhythm	Rhythmic repetition of phenomena in living organisms at about the same time each day, or seasonal variation.
Cirrhosis	Search liver disorder.
Clinical skills	See related interviewing skills.
Clinician	Professionals treating substance abuse, includes mental health and medical professionals.
Co-dependency	Less an academic term than a lay term, refers to individuals affected by another's substance use problem, and whose own behavior and functioning changes in response.
Coca	Search cocaine; or see related drug trade.
Cocaine	Natural alkaloid which is a very powerful short-acting central nervous system stimulant.
Coercive treatment	Search compulsory treatment.
Cognitive function	See related brain, memory.
Cognitive therapy
Colleges	Includes universities. See related adolescents and young adult.
Coma	Search acute effects and toxicity. See related brain.
Community action	Efforts directed to, or organized, by lay groups, geographic or interest groups, to promote prevention, to mobilize support and interest in alcohol/drug issues.
Community agency	Community social service program.
Comorbidity	Search psychopathology for the presence of co-occurring psychiatric disorders.
Compliance	Factors associated with adherence to treatment recommendations.
Compulsory treatment	Treatment initiated in response to legal action, or highly coercive situations.
Computer	Any use of computers, whether for diagnosis, screening, client intake, or program management.
Conduct Disorder	Psychiatric disorder according to the nomenclature of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.
Confidentiality
Consultation	Search referral and consultation.
Contaminants	Any toxic substances that are found in substances as the result or processing, or manufacture, or distribution.
Contingency management	Clinical technique, based on learning theory, that provides rewards for desired behavior.
Contraception	Impact of substance use on birth control use.
Control policy	Governmental efforts to moderate use and access to alcohol and other drugs.
Controlled drinking	Drinking which is carefully moderated to avoid intoxication. See related treatment goals.
Convulsions	Search seizures.
COPD	Search respiratory system.
Cost benefit analysis	Comparison of the costs associated with providing treatment to those costs that result from untreated substance abuse.
Cough medicine	Search antitussives.
Court cases	Discussion of court decisions related to diverse aspects of alcohol or drug use. Combine with other terms such as drug trade or drinking age.
Crack	Unpurified form of cocaine free base. See related cocaine.
Craving	Symptom of dependence. Overwhelming desire for alcohol or a drug.
Creativity	Impact of substance use on the creative process.
Credentialing	Search alcohol-drug counselor.
Crime	See related terms pertaining to crimes against people, violence, domestic violence, child abuse, homicide.
Criminal justice system	Impact of substance use, programs for education, treatment provided within this setting, and also issues related to personnel working in courts, prisons, probation offices, and police.
Criteria for diagnosis	Search diagnostic criteria.
Cross addiction	Search tolerance.
Cross-cultural comparison	Discussion of similarities and differences between countries in respect to alcohol/drug use.
CT scan	Search imaging.
Cultural sensitivity	Treatment programs or clinical interventions recognizing the world views of minority group members.
Curriculum	An outline of instruction or training. Combine with a particular professional group.
D
Data analysis	Discussion of methods of analyzing data for particular phenomenon. See the broader related term research.
Day treatment	Search partial hospitalization.
Definitions of alcoholism	Search alcoholism definitions.
Delinquency	Combine crime and adolescents.
Delirium tremens	An acute mental and physical disorder occurring in alcoholics with cessation of drinking. Most severe form of alcohol-withdrawal syndrome. See related withdrawal, and seizures.
Denial	Symptom of dependence. The inability to recognize the presence or severity of substance abuse problem. Includes the reluctance of significant others to acknowledge problems.
Dentist	Search dentistry.
Dentistry	Pertains both to dentists and dental practice and oral manifestations of substance use/abuse.
Dependence	A diagnostic category within the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Marked by tolerance, withdrawal, as well as behavioral changes. See related craving.
Depressants	Compounds that suppress central nervous system function. Search sedatives.
Depression	A possible symptom associated with substance abuse. Also may be indicative of a psychiatric illness. For the latter, search Mood Disorder.
Dermatology
Designer Drugs	Illicitly manufactured analogs of controlled substances.
Detection	Addresses the extent of identification of substance use problems by health care professionals, and thus denotes the proportion of missed diagnosis.
Detoxification	The medical management of withdrawal, generally using drug therapy, to avoid morbidity and mortality potentially associated with withdrawal. See related drug therapy.
Developmental disability	Search disabled.
Diabetes
Diagnosis	Process of assessment and diagnosis. Search assessment.
Diagnosis-abuse	Pertaining to the specific diagnosis of Substance Abuse rather than Dependence.
Diagnosis-dependence	Pertaining to the specific diagnosis of Substance Dependence
Diagnostic criteria	Discussion of criteria to be used in making a diagnosis. See related DSM III, or III-R or IV.
Dialysis	Search renal function.
Directories	Annotated lists of resource materials.
Disabled	Individuals with a limitation in function. Includes impairments in hearing, vision, spinal cord injuries, and learning disabilities.
Disease concept	Views of alcoholism/alcohol dependence as a disease process in contrast to conceptions of the condition as willful misbehavior, crime, sin, etc.
Disulfiram	Generic name of drug used in alcohol treatment as a deterrent to drinking.. The most common trade name is Antabuse. Combine drug therapy with alcohol-related to identify other agents.
Divorce
Domestic violence	Physical violence that may involve spouses, significant others, other family members, not children. See related physical abuse, child abuse.
Dose-response	The relationship of behavior or physiological index to the amount of drug ingested.
DRGs (Diagnosis Related Groups)	Search health insurance.
Drinking age	Legally established age to purchase and consume alcohol.
Drinking patterns	Includes kind and amount of alcoholic beverage consumed. Includes binge drinking.
Driver	Search driving.
Driving	The prevalence, detection, and interventions directed to substance use and driving. Bulk of materials are alcohol-related. For effects of drugs on driving, combine with the specific drug.
Dropouts	Search treatment dropouts, or, in respect to education, adolescents.
Drowning	Search accident.
Drug diversion	Controlled substances that enter illicit drug market.
Drug interactions	The effects of a drug (other than alcohol) in combination with another drug or alcohol.
Drug legalization	Search legalization.
Drug misuse	Tag term, do not use alone. Use to limit searches to materials that address drugs other than alcohol.
Drug substitution therapy	Within treatment, prescribing another psychoactive drug in lieu of the abused drug.
Drug testing	Efforts to identify individuals using drugs. Common in business, industry, government, and military settings.
Drug therapy	Drugs used in the treatment of substance use problems, either for detoxification or during the rehabilitative process to reduce craving. See related disulfiram.
Drug trade	Manufacture, distribution, and sales of illicit drugs.
Drug-metabolism	Search metabolism. Combine with a specific drug.
Dry drunk	Search craving.
DSM (III, III-R, IV)	Diagnostic criteria, as set forth by the American Psychiatric Association in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, their development, application, comparison to other nosologies.
Dual diagnosis	Search psychopathology. Combine with a specific psychiatric illness of interest.
DWI	Search driving.
Dystonia	Search muscle.
E
Eating Disorder	Psychiatric disorder according to the nomenclature of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Subsumes Bulimia and Anorexia Nervosa.
Economic aspects	Information on the cost or economic impact of substance use problems or treatment. See related social costs, and cost benefit analysis.
Ecstasy (MDMA)	The common street name for a methamphetamine analog with some hallucinogenic properties. Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). See related designer drugs and methamphetamines.
Elderly	Age 65 and older.
Emergency medicine
Emetic therapy	Search behavioral therapy.
Employee assistance programs	Programs initiated in the workplace to identify and treat those with substance abuse problems. See related workplace, drug testing.
Employment	Being in the workforce, or having been laid off, the effect of employment status on substance use patterns.
Endocrine system
Endogenous alcohol	Occurring within the organism as a result of internal metabolic processes, in contradistinction to alcohol that is ingested. Also called "normal alcohol".
Epidemiology	Includes demographics of use and associated problems.
Epilepsy	Combine chronic disease and brain. See related seizures.
Essay	A type of article, non-research .
Essential tremor	Search benign essential tremor.
Ethics.
Ethnography	A method of data collection and analysis that involves interviews, observational field work.
Etiology	Causative agents. Includes environmental, biological, and social factors. See related genetics, risk factors, personality, and physiological factor.
Evaluation studies	Studies evaluating treatment are indexed under treatment outcome.
Exercise	Includes the use of exercise fitness activities within treatment, the relationship of exercise to drug effects.
Expectancies	Beliefs about the actions of a substance that help to mediate its effects and also influence patterns of use.
Eye movement	Changes related to acute use.
F
Familial alcoholism	Search genetics.
Family	Impact of the family on the emergence and manifestation of substance abuse problems and their treatment, and also the impact of substance use on family members and family function. For material on familial transmission and predisposition to substance use, see genetics.
Family Medicine	Search primary care.
Family-therapy	Psychological treatment of the spouse and other members of the patient's family, and significant others.
Farm worker
Fetal alcohol syndrome	Includes fetal alcohol effects. See related fetus, neonate, maternal drinking.
Fetus
Film	Portrayal of substance use and abuse in movies. Search media.
First person account	From literature; autobiographical accounts.
Fitness	Search health status. See related exercise.
Foreign	Tag term only. Used to describe the site of research or the population being addressed. Note: It is possible to search for a specific country.
Foster care	Out of home placement, as a risk factor for outcome.
Fracture	Search accident, emergency medicine. See related skeletal system.
Funding sources	Impact of particular funding for research , prevention, and treatment, public and private.
G
Gambling	Compulsive gambling. Seen as a variant of addiction/dependence. Also includes the co-occurrence of gambling and substance abuse.
Gangs	Combine crime and adolescents.
Gastrointestinal system	Includes organs in the gastrointestinal system, stomach, intestines, mouth, esophagus.
Gays	See related homosexuals, lesbians.
Gender	Comparisons between males and females.
General treatment	Broad discussion of the components of treatment, treatment organization, and treatment philosophy. Use for general information only.
Genetics	Hereditary considerations. Excludes studies of environmental factors contributing to the occurrence of abuse/dependence in family groups.
Government policies
Grief	See related stress, anxiety, depression, psychopathology.
Group therapy	Professionally conducted as opposed to self-help group efforts.
H
Half-way house	Search partial hospitalization.
Hallucinogens	Compounds that induce profound alterations in sensory perceptions. Two major different types, the LSD-like (peyote, LSD, mescaline, psilocybin) and MDMA-like.
Hallucinosis	Search delirium tremens, pathological intoxication, withdrawal.
Handicapped	Search disabled.
Hangover	Post-intoxication state following heavy alcohol consumption.
Harm reduction	Clinical efforts or community/population based programs directed to reducing morbidity associated with chronic or acute use.
Harmful use	Drinking or substance use that may not warrant a formal diagnosis of abuse or dependence but places the individual at risk for negative consequences.
Hashish	Search marijuana.
Headache
Health care access	Measures of access, impediments to health care and the resulting under-utilization, as well as contributing factors.
Health care policy	Search government policies. See related health care reform.
Health care reform	Incorporates public and private efforts directed to altering the organization of service delivery and methods of reimbursement for substance abuse services.
Health care utilization	Impact of substance use on the use of substance use treatment services; also levels of use of general health care or medical services resulting from substance abuse.
Health education	Efforts to provide general health information. See related patient education.
Health habits	Patterns of self-care that increase or decrease morbidity.
Health insurance	Includes methods of funding treatment, both private and public.
Health status	Includes discussion of fitness.
Hematopoietic system	Blood and components of blood.
Heroin	An opiate. See related opiates and methadone.
Hispanics	See related racial and ethnic groups or Mexican-Americans.
Historical	Discussion of substance use, its treatment, attitudes, and social problems related to substance use in different historical periods.
HIV	Search AIDS.
Homeless	Includes the dimensions of substance use among the homeless, treatment approaches, and treatment outcomes.
Homicide
Homosexuals	Includes both gays and lesbians. See related gays, lesbians.
Hospitals	Refers to general hospitals, not alcoholism treatment facilities. See related treatment programs and inpatient treatment.
Hyperactivity	Search Attention Deficit Disorder.
Hypertension	High blood pressure. See related cardiovascular system and blood pressure.
Hypnosis	Treatment modality.
Hypothermia	Lowering of body temperature.
Hypnotics	Search sedatives.
Hypoglycemia	Search carbohydrate metabolism.
I
Iatrogenic addiction	Addiction induced by medical prescribing. Search prescribing practices.
ICD-9 or ICD-10	Diagnostic criteria according to the International Classifications of Disease (WHO).
Ice	A crystal form of methamphetamine. Search methamphetamine.
Illicit drugs	General discussion of drugs other than alcohol and nicotine, when specific drug classes are not identified. Includes use patterns, epidemiology, risk factors. For specific illicit drugs, see marijuana, opiates heroin, amphetamines, methamphetamine, hallucinogens, designer drugs, ecstasy.
Imaging	Includes MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), CT scan, and Positron Emission Tomography (PET).
Immune system	See related AIDS and infection.
Impaired-physicians	Physicians' substance use problems and programs to treat them.
Impaired-professionals	Substance use problems of professionals other than physicians, e.g. lawyers, dentists, nurses, social workers and trainees in those professions.
Incest	See related sexual abuse.
Indigenous treatment	Therapeutic approaches based on folk wisdom and tradition, rather than academically based.
Infant	Search neonate.
Infection	See also related tuberculosis, STD (sexually transmitted disease), AIDS, and immune system.
Inhalants	Compounds, primarily commercial products, whose route of administration is through sniffing. Includes solvents (hydrocarbons), nitrous oxide, nitrites.
Inpatient treatment	Includes residential care for substance abuse, independent of whether situated in a treatment center, or a hospital-based unit.
Insurance	Search health insurance.
Internal medicine	See primary care.
Intervention	Efforts to initiate treatment or efforts to reduce risk.
Interview skills
Intestines	Search gastrointestinal system.
Intoxication	Acute impairment of functioning due to psychoactive properties of alcohol or drugs, either in naive or experienced users.
Intravenous use	See related routes of administration, needle sharing.
Involuntary treatment	Search compulsory treatment.
Isopropyl alcohol	Search non-beverage alcohol.
J
Japanese-Americans	Search Asian-Americans and see related racial and ethnic groups.
Jews	Search religious groups, or racial and ethnic groups.
Jimson weed	Search anticholinergics.
Judges	Search criminal justice system.
K
Kava	Depressant drug, consumed as a beverage, native to Southern Pacific Islands.
Ketoacidosis	Metabolic condition.
Khat	Sympathomimetic.
Knowledge	Knowledge of alcohol- or drug-related information. Combine with specific population, such as elderly, adolescents, women, or nurses.
Knowledge transfer	Process of information generated in one realm, moving into other domains, typically from research settings to clinical practice.
Korsakoff's Syndrome	Medical condition resulting from chronic heavy drinking.
L
Laboratory test	Screening and diagnostic tests.
Laws	Laws, statutes, ordinances, or government regulations. Also legal controversy, legal issues. See related court cases, that address specific court actions.
Lawyers	Professional group. Information on programs for impaired lawyers, and lawyers' problems with alcohol.
Learning disabilities	Search disabled.
Learning theory
Legalization	Impact of revising laws regarding currently illicit substances.
Leisure	Includes recreational therapy.
Lesbians	See related homosexuals.
Lipoproteins
Liquor	Search alcoholic beverage.
Literature	Works of fiction with themes related to substance use.
Literature review	Search review article.
Liver diseases	Search liver disorder.
Liver disorder	Includes fatty liver, hepatitis, cirrhosis, and associated pathology.
Liver pathology	Search liver disorder.
Longitudinal study	A research design that follows the subjects over time. In contradistinction to a panel or retrospective study.
Loss of control	With alcohol or drug dependence, either the inability to abstain or the inability to control the amount used.
LSD	Search hallucinogens.
M
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)	Search imaging.
Malpractice
Managed care
Marijuana
Marriage	Includes co-habitating couples
MAST	A questionnaire to screen for alcoholism. See related screening tests.
Maternal drinking	Any use of alcohol, Not restricted to dependence. For the impact of drinking on a child, see related neonate, fetus, fetal alcohol syndrome, and children of alcoholics.
Maternal drug use	Discussion of epidemiology, associated morbidity, treatment needs and approaches to pregnant women and women with children. See related prenatal drug exposure for discussion of the impact upon the fetus, or children of substance abusers for the impact upon children in the home.
MDMA (ecstasy)	A methamphetamine-like analog designer drug, with hallucinogenic properties. Search ecstasy. See related methamphetamine.
Media	Includes movies, newspapers, the popular press, and TV.
Medical education	Used for both undergraduate and postgraduate physician education.
Medical student	Includes both undergraduate medical students and post-graduate trainees (residency training).
Medicinal use	Self-treatment for a specific medical condition, search self-medication. For medical use of substances that are potentially abused, search therapeutic use.
Meditation	Treatment modality.
Memory	Impact of either acute or chronic substance use, as well as the continuing deficits or recovery of function that accompanies abstinence after long term use.
Mental disorders	Search psychopathology.
Mental retardation	Search disabled.
Meta-analysis	A research and data analysis procedure that draws upon data and results of separate, multiple studies.
Metabolism	Absorption, distribution and excretion. Combine with alcohol related or drug misuse or specific drug to restrict search .
Methadone	A long-acting opiate analog, used in treatment of opiate dependence for either chronic maintenance or attenuation of withdrawal symptoms. See related methadone-maintenance.
Methadone-maintenance	Drug therapy and associated psychosocial services used for treatment of opiate/heroin dependence.
Methamphetamine	An analog of amphetamine, a powerful central stimulant; the original 'speed.' See related amphetamines.
Methanol	Search non-beverage alcohol.
Methodology	Discussion of research approaches to specific topics, their merits and limitations.
Methylenedioxynethamphetamine	Search ecstasy.
Mexican-Americans	See related Hispanics and racial and ethnic groups.
Military	Epidemiology and nature of substance abuse problems among military personnel, as well as policies and programs in the armed services.
Miscellaneous therapies	Treatment modalities not individually indexed.
Moderate drinker	Search social drinker.
Mood Disorder	Psychiatric disorder according to the nomenclature of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Includes depressive disorders and bi-polar illness. See related depression.
Morbidity	Negative consequences of use for an individual, be it physical health, emotional health, or socially.
Morphine	See related opiates.
Mortality
Motivation	Motivation to enter treatment or the degree of involvement after entering treatment. See related compliance.
Motor skills	Impact of substance use on motor function, generally related to acute use.
MPTP	Designer drug, toxic by-product (methyl-phenyl-tetrahydropyridine). A neuro-toxin generated in attempt at illicit synthesis of meperidine (Demerol), noted for its ability to induce Parkinsonian symptoms.
MRI	Search imaging.
Multiple drug use	Search polydrug use.
Muscle	Includes all myopathies except cardiomyopathy. Search cardiovascular system for cardiomyopathy.
Myopathy	Search muscle and cardiovascular system.
N
Narcotics Anonymous	Search self-help groups.
Native Americans
Native peoples	Refers to indigenous populations in colonized countries.
Natural history	Describes the phases in the development of dependence and recovery.
Needle exchange	Programs to allow intravenous users to secure clean syringes.
Needle sharing
Needs assessment	Research to identify the levels of substance use problems in relation to treatment capacity or treatment utilization.
Neonate	Newborn infant.
Neuropathy	Search peripheral nervous system.
Neuropsychology
Neurotransmitters
Nicotine	Natural alkaloid, the addicting agent in tobacco products. Includes cigarettes. See related tobacco, smokeless.
Nicotine patch	Search nicotine replacement.
Nicotine replacement	Use of nicotine "patch" or "spray" as part of smoking cessation efforts.
Nitrous oxide	Relatively weak anesthetic gas, abused frequently for sedative properties. Search inhalants.
Nomenclature	System or schema for naming disorders.
Non-alcoholic beer	Search alcoholic beverages.
Non-beverage alcohol	Alcohols other than ethyl, primarily isopropyl and methanol.
Nosology	Systematic organization or classification of diseases.
Nurses	Nursing profession, nursing role in diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive procedures. For impairment among nurses, search impaired-professionals.
Nursing student	Search nurses.
Nutrition	Includes nutritional disorders and malnutrition, and intake of particular vitamins, minerals.
O
Obesity	Search weight.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder	Psychiatric disorder according to the nomenclature of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.
Occupational medicine	Search workplace.
Occupations	Information about the occurrence of drinking or substance use patterns or alcohol/drug problems among different professions and occupations. See related impaired-physicians, impaired-professionals.
Ophthalmology
Opiates	Includes heroin, morphine, opium. See related methadone.
Opium	Search opiates.
Organ transplant.
Outpatient treatment	Includes all non-residential treatment whether provided by an alcohol-drug counselor, a physician, or social worker. See related primary care.
Overdose	Search toxicity. See related intoxication.
Over-the-counter	Medications that can be purchased without a prescription, non-controlled drugs.
Overdose	Search toxicity. See related intoxication.
P
Pacific Islanders
Pain	Includes chronic pain and the relationship to substance use.
Pain management	Medical efforts to manage pain; the relationship to existing substance abuse or dependence, or possible abuse.
Pancreas	Includes chronic and acute pancreatitis.
Panic Disorder	Psychiatric disorder according to the nomenclature of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.
Paranoia	A behavior, while commonly an acute effect of substance use or associated with chronic use, it may also be symptomatic of a psychiatric disorder.
Parental drinking	See related children of alcoholics, adult COA, maternal drinking, or paternal drinking. Describes effects of drinking on parenting.
Parental use	Use patterns and consequences related to a parent's use of drugs other than alcohol. See related children of substance abusers.
Parenting	The impact of alcohol/drug use on parenting ability, parenting style(s) as a risk or protective factor in offspring's substance use.
Partial hospitalization	Includes a variety of supervised settings: half-way houses, day or evening hospital programs.
Paternal drinking	Impact of father's alcohol use on members of the family, and family interactions. Not restricted to alcohol dependence. See related children of alcoholics, adult COA, maternal drinking.
Paternal use	Impact of father's drug use on members of the family, and family interactions. Not restricted to drug dependence. See related children of substance abusers, and maternal use.
Pathological intoxication	A severe response to alcohol, especially to small amounts, marked by apparently senseless violent behavior. Previously a diagnostic category of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Sometimes termed among the alcoholic psychoses.
Pathology
Patient education	Includes clinically based efforts, as well as broad media campaigns to general public.
Patient satisfaction
PCP (Phencyclidine)	A 'dissociative anesthetic' (sedation without respiratory depression), drug with hallucinogenic side-effects for which it has been widely abused; structurally different from other hallucinogens.
Pediatrics
Peers
Per capita consumption	Generally, alcohol-related, with data provided by governmental sources on alcohol consumption within the general population. Usually based on those 14 years and older.
Perinatology	Search maternal drinking, fetus, and neonate or prenatal drug exposure.
Peripheral nerve diseases	Search peripheral nervous system.
Peripheral nervous system	Any nerve outside the central nervous system (outside the brain and spinal cord). Peripheral neuropathy is also called polyneuropathy.
Personality	Psychological makeup and behavioral predispositions.
Personality Disorder	A specific psychiatric diagnosis, a subset of the larger subject psychopathology.
Peyote	Search hallucinogens.
Pharmacist
Pharmacokinetics	Rate and factors that influence the uptake of alcohol/other drugs by the body. Search absorption.
Pharmacology
Phencyclidine (PCP)	Search PCP. A drug with hallucinogenic properties, but structurally different than other hallucinogens.
Phobia	Search anxiety disorder. See related behavior patterns.
Phobic Disorder	Search anxiety disorder. See related psychopathology.
Physical abuse	Search child abuse, domestic violence, crime, violence.
Physician	Information about physicians' interaction with, attitudes towards, and diagnosis and treatment of patients. For substance use problems of physicians, search impaired-physician.
Physiological factor	A physical characteristic that has a role in the etiology or manifestation of abuse or dependence.
Police	Search criminal justice system.
Policy statement	Position statements issued by professional organizations and associations in respect to broad social or governmental policies, or standards for clinical care.
Polydrug Use	A pattern of simultaneous or sequential use of several psychoactive substances.
Polyneuropathy	Search peripheral nervous system.
Positron Emission Tomography	Search imaging.
(PET)
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder	Psychiatric disorder according to the nomenclature of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Search PTSD.
Preadolescent	Through age 12.
Pregnancy	Epidemiology and patterns of alcohol or drug use during pregnancy. See related fetus, maternal drinking, neonate, fetal alcohol syndrome, prenatal drug exposure.
Premenstrual syndrome	Psychiatric disorder according to the nomenclature of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual<.
Prenatal care	Access to or utilization of medical care during pregnancy.
Prenatal drug exposure	Exposure of the fetus to drugs as a result of maternal drug use. Used for materials that address the impact on the fetus, of drug use during pregnancy. For focus upon the pregnant women and her drug use, search maternal drug use.
Prescribing practices	The manner of dispensing controlled substance, via prescription, that may relate to patient substance use.
Prescription drugs	Legal, controlled drugs, available only by prescription, that are associated with abuse and dependence.
Prevalence	Search epidemiology.
Prevention	Encompasses the range of efforts to reduce substance use problems and reduce development of substance abuse/dependence in individuals. . For materials on particular settings, or population, or methods combine with other terms, such as schools, family, or primary care.
Price elasticity	Search economic aspects.
Primary care	Articles about and directed to physicians in Internal Medicine, Family Medicine, and Pediatrics. Discussion of role in identification and management of substance use problems, as well as professional development and educational issues.
Prisoners	Includes persons within criminal justice system, including those on probation or parole. See related criminal justice system.
Professional association	Search the name of a specific group, e.g. American Medical Association, American Nurses Association.
Professional education	Training and education of health care and social welfare professionals, other than physicians. Includes continuing education programs, discussion of deficiencies in current training, as well as pilot or demonstration educational activities. See related curriculum.
Program administration	Refers to non-clinical aspects of treatment programs, e.g., management concerns, staffing patterns.
Program evaluation	Search evaluation studies.
Prospective study	Refers to the research study design that selects subjects and then proceeds to follow them over time, rather than to view a sample retrospectively.
Prostitutes	Search prostitution.
Prostitution	Includes prostitutes.
Protective factors	Factors, either apparently genetic or environmental that reduce the risk of substance use problems. In contradistinction to risk factors.
Protocol
Psilocybin	Natural alkaloid found in certain mushrooms. Search hallucinogens.
Psychedelics	Search hallucinogens.
Psychiatric problems	Search psychopathology, or individual diagnoses using the American Psychiatric Association, DSM-IV terminology.
Psychiatrist	Search psychiatry.
Psychiatry	The discipline, medical specialty of psychiatry, and professionally trained clinicians in that discipline.
Psychologist
Psychology	As an academic, clinical discipline, search psychologist. In reference to individual characteristics, search personality. See related behavior patterns.
Psychometrics	Related to the development of tests and screening instruments. Discussion of their reliability, sensitivity and specificity, and thus the degree to which they are able to distinguish the phenomenon of interest.
Psychopathology	Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders, their manifestation, assessment, and treatment approaches.
Psychoses	Search schizophrenia. See related chronic mental illness.
Psychotherapy	Treatment that is based upon "talking" therapies, may have different theoretical orientations.
PTSD	Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. A psychiatric disorder according to the nomenclature of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.
Public policy	Search government policies.
Puerto Ricans
Q
Qualitative research.
Questionnaire	Search tests. See related screening tests.
R
Racial and ethnic groups	Used for general discussion of minorities, i.e. Americans of non-European descent, whether defined by race, ethnicity or country of origin. For discussion of particular groups, see related Native Americans, Blacks, Hispanics, Asian-Americans.
Rational addiction	Search behavioral economics.
Reaction time	Search related motor skills. Used in discussion of alcohol/drug effects. Also see related intoxication, acute effects.
Recovering alcoholics	Search abstinence, natural history.
Recovery	Search natural history.
Recreational therapy	Search leisure.
Recreational use	Drug use that is the parallel to social drinking. Search use patterns.
Reference books
Referral and consultation	Materials about referrals, or the underlying processes, by either physicians or health care professionals to substance abuse treatment facilities or professionals.
Relapse	Resuming use of alcohol or other drug use following treatment and a period of abstinence.
Relaxation therapy	A behavioral therapy treatment. Search behavioral therapy.
Religion	Search religious groups.
Religiosity	Degree of involvement and belief in religious activities.
Religious groups
Renal function
Reproductive system	Includes both male and female reproductive systems.
Research	The need for, problems of, issues related to, or funding of research.. Does not include specific research studies. See related data analysis and methodology.
Residential care	Search inpatient treatment.
Respiratory system
Review article	Reviews current or recent literature on a subject. Includes case reports in which author lists all known similar cases that have appeared in the literature up until the time of his writing. Includes articles that cover a significant portion of the literature available and in which a significant part of the article is devoted to the review.
Risk factors	See related etiology and the counter-part protective factors.
Risk reduction
Route of administration	Drug use related, discussion of the differential effects related to the means of taking the substance into the body.
Runaways	Adolescents living independently having either left or having been ejected by their parents.
Rural
S
Schizophrenia	Psychiatric disorder according to the nomenclature of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.
Schools	Limited to discussion of programs directed to policies, and school-conducted programs, whether prevention or early intervention.
Screening tests	Search for specific tests by name or acronym.
Sedative-hypnotics	Search sedatives.
Sedatives	Central nervous system depressants. Common synonyms are sedative-hypnotics, depressants.
Seizures	See related withdrawal or brain.
Self-concept	An individual's view of him or herself, a sense of self-definition.
Self-efficacy	The degree to which clients consider themselves able to make change and mange their life situation.
Self-esteem	The individual's value of her or himself and related sense of self-worth.
Self-help	The process by which clients/individuals are engaged in non-professionally conducted efforts at change.
Self-help groups	Formal organizations that conduct meetings and groups led by members themselves, and not by professions. Includes Narcotics Anonymous, Cocaine Anonymous, Al-Anon, Adult Children of Alcoholics Groups.
Self-image	Search self-concept.
Self-medication	Use of psychoactive substances to manage symptoms of psychiatric disorders or to relieve feelings of dysphoria.
Self-report	Discussion of this method of data collection in research efforts, its validity and limitations.
Self-treatment	Search self-medication or self-help groups, or related spontaneous remission.
Sensation-seeking	Search personality. See related behavior patterns.
Sexual abuse	See related child abuse.
Sexual activity
Sexual addiction	The lay press has focused upon sexual addiction as a pathological condition. While not the object of academic study, there are several commentaries.
Sexually transmitted disease	Search STD.
SIDS	Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.
Sign Language	Search disabled.
Skeletal system
Sleep	Effects of substance use on sleep patterns, and their impact on sleep disturbances.
Sleeping pills	Search sedatives.
Smoking	Search nicotine.
Smoking cessation	Efforts to stop smoking. See related nicotine replacement.
Sniffing	A method of drug ingestion. Search routes of administration. See inhalants for drugs typically inhaled.
Social drinker	Use of alcohol without attendant problems, the absence of abuse or dependence; includes research findings of non-problem drinkers.
Social service agency	Search community agency.
Social worker	Refers to social work discipline, its practitioners and clinical approaches.
Social costs
Sociocultural factor	Related to cultural patterns, and orientations of groups.
Sociological aspect	Relates to the formal societal structures, and constructs of the discipline of sociology.
Sodium	Search nutrition.
Solvents	Search inhalants.
Spinal cord injury	Search disabled for discussion of persons with spinal cord injury. Also see related accident.
Spirituality	Discussion of spiritual dimensions, as opposed to formal religion.
Spontaneous remission	Remediation of a substance use problem in the absence of formal treatment or involvement in self-help.
Sports medicine	See related athletes.
STD	Sexually transmitted disease.
Steroids
Stimulants	CNS-activating substances. Includes amphetamines, methylphenidate (Ritalin), cocaine, various amphetamine analogs and other prescription appetite suppressants.
Street drugs	Search illicit drugs, or a specific drug class or compound.
Stress	The perception of environmental or internal states that evoke levels of concern and may precipitate substance use, influence entry into treatment, or treatment outcome.
Stroke	See related cardiovascular system, brain.
Sudden death	Sudden natural death in adults, associated with substance use and not trauma-related. See related SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome).
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome	Search SIDS.
Suicide
Surgery	Includes influence of substance use on surgical outcomes, differential rates of surgical procedures for patients with substance abuse disorders, pre- and post-operative management issues, and referral to treatment.
Sympathomimetics	Adrenaline-like agents which activate the sympathetic side of the autonomic nervous system (raising heart rate, blood pressure, etc.). Includes khat.
Syphilis	Search STD (Sexually Transmitted Disease).
Syringe	Search needle exchange, needle sharing, or route of administration.
T
Taxes, taxation	Combine economic aspects and government policies.
Teacher	Addresses the role and activities of educational professionals in respect to prevention and detection.
Temperance	For discussion of historical temperance movements search historical. For discussion of drinking patterns search social drinker or drinking patterns.
Test	A broad category that includes efforts to detect, measure, and categorize. To narrow searches see screening test or laboratory test. See related drug testing.
THC	Search marijuana.
Therapeutic community	Treatment modality, a residential (non-medical) setting for drug dependent persons.
Therapeutic use	The prescription of psychoactive substances for therapeutic purposes, including illicit substances, such as marijuana.
Therapy	Search general treatment or related treatment terms.
Tobacco	Search nicotine.
Tobacco, smokeless	Includes chewing tobacco, snuff.
Tobacco industry	Activities of cigarettes and tobacco manufacturers, including advertising, marketing, and industry sponsored prevention efforts.
Tolerance	The constitutional or developed capacity, following continuing use, to be able to function without impairment at levels of alcohol or drugs that previously would have disrupted function; or requiring increased doses to achieve the effect associated previously with a smaller dose.
Toxicity	Poisonings associated with substance use, includes overdose.
Tranquilizers	Search anxiolytics. See related benzodiazepines. It is also possible to search for a specific drug by name.
Trauma	Search accident, emergency medicine.
Treatment	Search general treatment. For specific treatment approaches, e.g., see family-therapy, or psychotherapy, or drug therapy, or self-help.
Treatment access	Includes obstacles to entering treatment, as well as efforts to facilitate entry into care.
Treatment dropouts
Treatment goals	See related controlled use.
Treatment matching	Discussion of criteria for and the importance of meshing specific clinical services or clinical approaches to client status or characteristics.
Treatment outcome	Includes discussion of treatment efficacy and patient status following treatment.
Treatment planning	Search assessment. See related treatment goals.
Treatment programs	Includes discussion of the organization of programs, the services provided.
Triglyceride
Tuberculosis	See related infection.
12 Step Programs	Self-help groups modeled after Alcoholics Anonymous. Search self-help groups, Alcoholics Anonymous.
U
Undergraduate college course	Discussion of substance abuse related formal course offerings at the college level. Search colleges.
Universities	Search colleges.
Urban	Epidemiology, prevalence, and nature of substance use and associated problems in cities.
Use patterns	Patterns of use of substances other than alcohol.
V
Veterans	Retired military personnel. Treated as a special population. See related military.
Violence	See related crime, aggression.
Visual perception	Acute effects of substance use on vision.
Vitamins	Search nutrition.
Vocational counseling
W,X,Y,Z
Warning labels
Weight	Body weight, includes obesity.
Wernicke's Encephalopathy	Search Korsakoff Syndrome.
Wine	Search alcoholic beverage.
Withdrawal	A syndrome associated with cessation (or relative abstinence) of a substance to which the individual was dependent. Each drug class has a distinctive withdrawal syndrome. Combine with specific class of drug. See related detoxification, delirium tremens.
Women	Includes articles addressing women's use and associated problems, as well as treatment. See related gender for male/female differences.
Workplace	On-the-job and work-related issues.
Young adult	Over 19. Post high-school through early 20s. See related colleges.