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CORK Bibliography: Historical

54 citations. January 2009 to present

Prepared: March 2010

Alemagno SA. Drug abuse research: A shifting paradigm. Journal of Drug Issues 39(1): 223-226, 2009. (7 refs.)

In 1962, Thomas Kuhn wrote 'The Structure of Scientific Revolutions' and popularized the concept of 'paradigm shiff.' Kuhn commented that scientific advancement is not evolutionary but involves 'a series of peaceful interludes punctuated by intellectually violent revolutions.' It is during these revolutions that 'one conceptual world is replaced by another.' The presentations of the researchers at this conference represent the shifting paradigm of drug abuse research. The presentations at '40 Years of Drug Abuse' Research' will prompt future researchers to integrate the collective work of distinguished epidemiologists, ethnographers, neurobiologists, pharmacologists, as well as prevention, treatment, services, and policy researchers. As the next generation, we are called to use methods that are both transdisciplinary and translational. A transdisciplinary and translational future will require next generation drug abuse researchers to apply knowledge of basic science to prevention or treatment strategies.

Balachova TN; Bonner BL; Levy S. Street children in Russia: steps to prevention. International Journal of Social Work 18(1): 27-44, 2009. (72 refs.)

This article examines the historical evolution of the development of social policy toward street children in Russia and makes recommendations for prevention. The historical examination begins with the Soviet period, when statistics on social problems were not publicly known. It continues through the post-Soviet period when there was an emerging awareness about the increasing number of abused, abandoned children and children living on the streets. Etiological factors, such as child maltreatment and parental substance abuse, are then discussed. Based on these etiological factors, the article then proposes a model in which existing institutions and professionals are supported in facilitating an integrated system of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. This includes improving child protection services and interventions to prevent children leaving their homes, early identification of children who are becoming involved in street life and a continuum of care for children who cannot return home.

Barth KS; Malcolm RJ. Disulfiram: An old therapeutic with new applications. CNS & Neurological Disorders. Drug Targets 9(1): 5-12, 2010. (64 refs.)

Disulfiram treatment, despite its limitations, remains a viable option as a treatment for alcohol dependence and has shown recent promise in treating (1) those with co-morbid alcohol dependence and post-traumatic stress disorder, (2) those with co-morbid cocaine- and alcohol-dependence, and (3) those with cocaine- dependence alone. Although disulfiram's mechanism of action in alcohol dependence was long thought to be its effects as a psychological deterrent, more recent studies have uncovered potential anti-craving effects as well as direct effects of disulfiram on cocaine abuse, highlighting a few of the many potential and unique benefits disulfiram may have through its inhibition of dopamine beta-hydroxylase. This article will review the major clinical trials of disulfiram spanning nearly 60 years. We will discuss the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of disulfiram, indications and limitations of its use, suggestions for appropriate patient populations, and monitoring for compliance and adverse effects. We will also review recent literature on newer potential applications for disulfiram use via its unique action on dopamine beta-hydroxylase.

Berridge V. Heroin prescription and history. (editorial). New England Journal of Medicine 361(8): 820-821, 2009. (11 refs.)

Blewett N. 1985 and all that: The establishment of Australia's Drug Strategy. Drug and Alcohol Review 28(2): 96-98, 2009. (4 refs.)

A national drug summit in the mid-1980s played a pivotal role in the establishment of Australia's National Drug Strategy. It transformed the delivery of drug policies in Australia and gave us the instruments to understand our drug problem, namely national Centres of Excellence, including the National Drug Research Institute. This paper examines how a 'bundle of compromises' came together in the political context of the mid-1980s to give rise to, for the first time, a cooperative national campaign that continues to drive Australia's drug strategy today.

Booth RE; Des Jarlais DC; Friedman SR. Reflections on 25 years of HIV and AIDS research among drug abusers. Journal of Drug Issues 39(1): 209-221, 2009. (30 refs.)

Booth: Since early in the HIV epidemic, street outreach workers, often indigenous to the target population, have served both to recruit drug injectors for interventions and to conduct interventions. The typically unstructured nature of outreach interventions present challenges in determining the nature of services actually delivered. It is recommended that both qualitative and quantitative methods be utilized to monitor intervention service delivery. Des Jarlais: The threat of AIDS has led to profound behavioral changes among drug users. These changes need to be seen primarily not as responses to public health interventions, but in terms of the competencies of drug users themselves. A Drug User Competency Model of HIV Prevention would include: 1. Competency in understanding HIV transmission, 2. Competency in reducing HIV risk behavior, and 3. The competency of altruism. Friedman: Twenty years of work on HIV among drug users' highlight that we need to incorporate large-scale social dynamics in research and interventions, understand drug users sexual behavior and networks, and view drug users as multifaceted human beings, not just 'walking addictions.' Crucially, drug users can be highly competent at many things, so non-users can learn from their ideas and their practices. Drug users can be partners and sometimes leaders, not just 'disabled addicts.'

Bucholz KK; Cottler LB. In Memoriam: Lee Nelken Robins, PhD. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 34(2): 197-198, 2010. (1 refs.)

Chitwood DD; Murphy S; Rosenbaum M. Reflections on the meaning of drug epidemics. Journal of Drug Issues 39(1): 29-39, 2009. (35 refs.)

Fluctuations in the use of many drugs at one time or another have been characterized as drug epidemics. The depiction of drug use as an epidemic, as in the recent cases of methamphetamine and crack use, is a proven mechanism for communicating that a problem exists, but such depictions are not without risk. When the public characterization of drug use as an epidemic represents more than its epidemiological meaning of 'unusually elevated occurrence,' panic is often substituted for reasoned action. Such declarations are likely to truncate objective investigation, generate fear rather than understanding, and stimulate reactive measures that exacerbate drug misuse. This article discusses the epidemiological origin and meaning of epidemic, documents how media headlines have sensationally depicted methamphetamine use, and recommends that alternative strategies for describing an increase in the incidence and prevalence of use may be more successful in directing researchers and policy makers toward effective strategies for reducing misuse.

Clancy L. Progress in tobacco control. Health Policy 91(Supplement 1): S3-S14, 2009. (70 refs.)

Aim: To present the Tobacco Control interventions which are currently accepted as effective. Methods: Review the available regulatory strategy laid down in the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control and explore the basis for the Treaty and the appropriateness of the response with particular reference to Europe. Results: An evidence-based approach was built up over some sixty years. At first a slow revelation of the catastrophic health effects of smoking is revealed. Then a reluctance to see tobacco addiction as a disease or even as an addiction delays attempts to develop active treatments. A powerful, corrupt industry demanding to be treated as normal delays effective interventions to control demand or supply. Discussion: The pace of Tobacco Control is too slow. An effective FCTC Would still see millions of unnecessary premature deaths in this century. Most deaths will not be in the west where the true effects of this industry are accepted and where mechanisms to combat the worst abuses of industrial power exist. They will occur in the developing world. The FCTC provisions must be achieved and then some. It would be foolish to rely on it alone especially on its approach to control of supply. The role of the treatment of tobacco dependence may be underrated in Tobacco Control. In many other diseases, whether infections such as tuberculosis or lifestyle related such as hypertension, the role and availability of effective treatments often provides the catalyst to drive the social changes necessary to lead to commitment to effective change.

Clancy L. Tobacco control: what can smoking cessation contribute? Proceedings of a Satellite Symposium at the 4th European Conference on Tobacco or Health, October 2007 Foreword. (editorial). Health Policy 91(Supplement 1): S1-S2, 2009. (0 refs.)

Clayton P; Rowbotham J. How the mid-Victorians worked, ate and died. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 6(3): 1235-1253, 2009. (85 refs.)

Analysis of the mid-Victorian period in the U.K. reveals that life expectancy at age 5 was as good or better than exists today, and the incidence of degenerative disease was 10% of ours. Their levels of physical activity and hence calorific intakes were approximately twice ours. They had relatively little access to alcohol and tobacco; and due to their correspondingly high intake of fruits, whole grains, oily fish and vegetables, they consumed levels of micro- and phytonutrients at approximately ten times the levels considered normal today. This paper relates the nutritional status of the mid-Victorians to their freedom from degenerative disease; and extrapolates recommendations for the cost-effective improvement of public health today.

Clayton RR; Sloboda Z; Page B. Reflections on 40 years of drug abuse research: Changes in the epidemiology of drug abuse. Journal of Drug Issues 39(1): 41-55, 2009. (29 refs.)

The discipline of epidemiology utilizes the constructs of agent, host, vector and environment to study the incidence and prevalence (i.e., the nature, extent, distribution, correlates) and the contexts, and consequences of drug abuse in the United States. This paper provides a selected review of the results of 40 years of epidemiological study of drug abuse using surveillance systems, general population surveys, ethnography and qualitative research approaches. It then addresses the challenges in conducting research on drug abuse epidemiology. The paper concludes with some missed opportunities and lessons learned in four decades of a large portfolio of research studies conducted by an impressive array of distinguished scientists.

Cook DM; Bero LA. The politics of smoking in federal buildings: An executive order case study. (review). American Journal of Public Health 99(9): 1588-1595, 2009. (107 refs.)

Executive orders are important presidential tools for health policymaking that are subject to less public scrutiny than are legislation and regulatory rulemaking. President Bill Clinton banned smoking in federal government buildings by executive order in 1997, after the administration of George H. W. Bush had twice considered and abandoned a similar policy. The 1991 and 1993 Bush proposals drew objections from agency heads and labor unions, many coordinated by the tobacco industry. We analyzed internal tobacco industry documents and found that the industry engaged in extensive executive branch lobbying and other political activity surrounding the Clinton smoking ban. Whereas some level of stakeholder politics might have been expected, this policy also featured jockeying among various agencies and the participation of organized labor.

Cox DR. Commentary: Smoking and lung cancer: Reflections on a pioneering paper. (editorial). International Journal of Epidemiology 38(5): 1192-1193, 2009. (2 refs.)

Dannaway F. Thunder among the pines: Defining a pan-Asian soma. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 41(1): 67-84, 2009. (77 refs.)

Many ancient cultures and religions engaged in various techniques and used various substances to instigate religious experience and to alter perception. These techniques of psycho-sexual drug yoga reached an unparalleled level of sophistication that arose and was often cloaked in practical terms of alchemy and metallurgy. The Vedic tradition describes this plant-based ritualism as soma, which has been identified by Gordon Wasson as the mushroom Amanita muscaria. This article traces these soma-influenced sects of esoteric Buddhism that exerted influences from India, China and Tibet to Japan. Some of the key components, practices and symbolism are retained despite numerous cultural filters. Japan's tradition of esoteric Buddhism can thus be seen to have preserved and incorporated the soma/amrita mushroom lore into its own traditions of mountain ascetic mystics.

De Leon G; Wexler H. The therapeutic community for addictions: An evolving knowledge base. Journal of Drug Issues 39(1): 167-177, 2009. (24 refs.)

The therapeutic community (TC) has become an established treatment approach serving thousands of substance abusers in community, institutional, and other settings. This article summarizes the research that contributed to the acceptance and growth of TCs and laid the groundwork for the establishment of TCs for substance abusers in correctional settings. The TC knowledge base has contributed to the revival of a rehabilitation philosophy in correctional policy, which is described in the second section. The reflections of the authors who have collaborated for about 40 years are provided at the end of the paper.

de Rios MD. Alter ego representations in San Agustin monolithic sculptures: Possible plant hallucinogenic influences. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 41(4): 317-322, 2009. (17 refs.)

This article examines the evidence for plant hallucinogenic use (possibly Brugmansia, Brunfelsia chiricaspi, Desfontainia R., Anadenanthera peregrina, Banisteriopsis sps, Psychotropia viridis and Virola theidora) by the San Agustin culture, an extinct peoples who resided in the Magdelena River area of Colombia from the third century B.C. until the sixteenth century A.D. Based on thematic materials gathered from a cross-cultural survey of plant hallucinogens, the author examines themes in the monolithic sculptures of this culture in light of man-animal transformations and shamanic themes linked to plant hallucinogenic ingestion.

DuPont RL. Reflections on the early history of National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA): Implications for today. Journal of Drug Issues 39(1): 5-14, 2009. (12 refs.)

The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) was formed in September, 1973 from a Division of the National Institute on Mental Health (NIMH), from the three-decade old Addiction Research Center (ARC) in Lexington Kentucky, and from the two year old Special Action Office for Drug Abuse Prevention (SAODAP), the original White House drug office. The legislation authorizing NIDA was passed by both Houses of Congress and signed by the president with bipartisan unanimity in response to the drug abuse epidemic, which had begun in the late 1960s. NIDA was the embodiment of the new Federal drug abuse strategy that, for the first time, balanced the traditional focus on law enforcement (supply reduction) with a new focus on treatment, prevention, and research (what became known as demand reduction). The current article offers a review of the early history of NIDA and its implications for future research.

Dyck E. Prairies, psychedelics and place: The dynamics of region in psychiatric research. Health & Place 15(3): 888-894, 2009. (41 refs.)

In 1957, the word 'psychedelic' entered the English lexicon from a rather unexpected location: an asylum superintendent working on the Canadian prairies in one of the provincial mental hospitals in Saskatchewan. During the 1950s Saskatchewan-based researchers engaged in political and psychiatric reforms that brought international attention to their work in a relatively isolated geographic location. This article considers the influence of location on the development of a medical theory that challenged prevailing ideas about the causation and treatment of mental illness and addiction. Drawing on perspectives from historians, political scientists, sociologists and geographers. This case study explores the historical meanings of region and place and combines older historiographical traditions, which define region in political terms, with concepts borrowed from other disciplines, which offer a more nuanced view of cultural geography, to examine the development of psychedelic research in the post-World War II period.

Friedman SR; Mateu-Gelabert P; Sandoval M. A dialogue on the incapability/capability of injection drug users. (editorial). Substance Use & Misuse 44(13): 1971-1978, 2009. (22 refs.)

The article discusses issues surrounding drug users in the U.S. An overview of the topics: myth of drug users, issues on understanding both drug users and drug users' clinical and research issues is presented as well as decision making and the HIV spread in the 1970's and 1980's through syringe by injection drug users.

Glynn T; Seffrin JR; Brawley OW; Grey N; Ross H. The globalization of tobacco use: 21 challenges for the 21st century. CA 60(1): 50-61, 2010. (65 refs.)

The globalization of tobacco began more than 500 years ago, but the public health response to the death, disease, and economic disruption that it has caused is fewer than 50 years old. In this report, the authors briefly trace the history of tobacco use and commerce as it moved from the Americas in the late 15th century and then eastward. They then discuss the wide range of issues that must be addressed, and the equally wide range of expertise that is needed if the global health community is to be successful in reducing, and eventually eliminating, the rising tide of tobacco use, particularly in the low- and middle-income nations that are the target of the multinational tobacco industry.

Greenwald P; Dunn BK. Landmarks in the history of cancer epidemiology. (review). Cancer Research 69(6): 2151-2162, 2009. (111 refs.)

The application of epidemiology to cancer prevention is relatively new, although observations of the potential causes of cancer have been reported for more than 2,000 years. Cancer was generally considered incurable until the late 19th century. Only with a refined understanding of the nature of cancer and strategies for cancer treatment could a systematic approach to cancer prevention emerge. The 20th century saw the elucidation of clues to cancer causation from observed associations with population exposures to tobacco, diet, environmental chemicals, and other exogenous factors. With repeated confirmation of such associations, researchers entertained for the first time the possibility that cancer, like many of the infectious diseases of the time, might be prevented. By the mid-20th century, with antibiotics successfully addressing the majority of infectious diseases and high blood pressure treatment beginning to affect the prevalence of heart disease in a favorable direction, the focus of much of epidemiology shifted to cancer. The early emphasis was on exploring, in greater depth, the environmental, dietary, hormonal, and other exogenous exposures for their potential associations with increased cancer risk. The first major breakthrough in identifying a modifiable cancer risk factor was the documentation of an association between tobacco smoking and lung cancer. During the past four decades, epidemiologic studies have generated population data identifying risk factors for cancers at almost every body site, with many cancers having multiple risk factors. The development of technologies to identify biological molecules has facilitated the incorporation of these molecular manifestations of biological variation into epidemiologic studies, as markers of exposure as well as putative surrogate markers of cancer outcome. This technological trend has, during the past two decades, culminated in emphasis on the identification of genetic variants and their products as correlates of cancer risk, in turn, creating opportunities to incorporate the discipline of molecular/genetic epidemiology into the study of cancer prevention. Epidemiology will undoubtedly continue contributing to cancer prevention by using traditional epidemiologic study designs to address broad candidate areas of interest, with molecular/genetic epidemiology investigations honing in on promising areas to identify specific factors that can be modified with the goal of reducing risk.

Guydish JR. Drug abuse research: Today and tomorrow. Journal of Drug Issues 39(1): 227-230, 2009. (6 refs.)

Many of the papers in this theme issue originated as presentations at a conference entitled 'Reflections on 40 Years of Drug Abuse Research.' At the conference, leaders in the drug abuse field presented their work, as well as their visions and concerns for the future of drug abuse research, and many of those presentations are included as papers in this issue of the Journal of Drug Issues. At the end of the conference, and after hearing presentations from senior researchers in the field, several mid-career investigators were invited to reflect on the conference and on the field of drug abuse research at this time in its history. This brief article offers reactions to the conference, in terms of its meaning for the future of drug abuse research.

Harris JK; Luke DA; Zuckerman RB; Shelton SC. Forty years of secondhand smoke research: The gap between discovery and delivery. (review). American Journal of Preventive Medicine 36(6): 538-548, 2009. (79 refs.)

Context: Public health initiatives often focus on the discovery of risk factors associated with disease and death. Although this is an important step in protecting public health, recently the field has recognized that it is critical to move along the continuum from discovery of risk factors to delivery of interventions, and to improve the quality and speed of translating scientific discoveries into practice. Evidence acquisition: To understand how public health problems move from discovery to delivery, citation network analysis was used to examine 1877 articles on secondhand smoke (SHS) published between 1965 and 2005. Data were collected and analyzed in 2006-2007. Evidence synthesis: Citation patterns showed discovery and delivery to be distinct areas of SHS research. There was little cross-citation between discovery and delivery research, including only nine citation connections between the main paths. A discovery article was 83.5% less likely to cite a delivery article than to cite another discovery article (OR=0.165 [95% CI=0.139, 0.197]), and a delivery article was 64.3% less likely (OR=0.357 [95% CI=0.330, 0.386]) to cite a discovery article than to cite another delivery article. Research summaries, such as Surgeon General reports, were cited frequently and appear to bridge the discovery-delivery gap. Conclusions: There was a lack of cross-citation between discovery and delivery, even though they share the goal of understanding and reducing the impact of SHS. Reliance on research summaries, although they provide an important bridge between discovery and delivery, may slow the development of a field.

Hubbard R; Simpson DD; Woody G. Treatment research: Accomplishments and challenges. Journal of Drug Issues 39(1): 153-165, 2009. (37 refs.)

This article reviews the history of substance abuse treatment and its evaluation. The authors comment an key aspects of this history and its implications for the future. Research has been a key factor in the support of substance abuse treatment and the expansion and improvement of treatment options. Despite the progress in the field, organizational structure and functioning, ambivalence on the moral/medical basis of addiction, and narrow perspectives on evidence-based practice have presented barriers for advancement. Future improvement of treatment is seen as dependent on the partnership of researchers and real world providers, studies of evidence-based practice in a wide variety of community based settings and the consideration of complex and changing real-world environments, particularly for rural, uninsured and under-served populations.

Lee WB; Fong GT; Zanna MP; Borland R; Omar M; Sirirassamee B. Regret and rationalization among smokers in Thailand and Malaysia: Findings from the International Tobacco Control Southeast Asia Survey. Health Psychology 28(4): 457-464, 2009. (41 refs.)

Objective: To test whether differences of history and strength in tobacco control policies will influence social norms, which, in turn, will influence quit intentions, by influencing smokers' regret and rationalization. Design: The data were from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Policy Evaluation Southeast Asia Survey, a cohort survey of representative samples of adult smokers in Thailand (N = 2,000) and Malaysia (N = 2,006). The survey used a stratified multistage sampling design. Main Outcome Measures: Measures included regret, rationalization, social norms, and quit intention. Results: Thai smokers were more likely to have quit intentions than Malaysian smokers. This difference in quit intentions was, in part, explained by the country differences in social norms, regret, and rationalization. Reflecting Thailand's history of stronger tobacco control policies, Thai smokers, compared with Malaysian smokers, perceived more negative social norms toward smoking, were more likely to regret, and less likely to rationalize smoking. Mediational analyses revealed that these differences in social norms, accounted, in part, for the country-quit intention relation and that regret and rationalization accounted, in part, for the social norm-quit intention relation. Conclusion: The results suggest that social norms toward smoking, which are shaped by tobacco control policies, and smokers' regret and rationalization influence quit intentions.

Lewis M. Keeping sin from sacred spaces southern evangelicals and the socio-legal control of alcohol, 1865-1915. Southern Cultures 15(2): 40-60, 2009. (54 refs.)

Historically, and still today, southerners have attempted to maintain a strict separation of "items" deemed sinful and "spaces" deemed pure. White southerners have also been unusually concerned with separating "persons" deemed sinful or tempting from "pure" spaces or persons, as the long sad history of laws designed to prohibit intimate cross-racial fraternization illustrate. While many Americans might view an inebriated churchgoer as an ill person who has inappropriately entered a sacred place, southern evangelicals then and now would characterize the person as a victim of Satan's machinations. Initially southern evangelicals attacked the saloon, creating laws that would ensure "decreasing drinking and drunkenness by removing temptation farther from men. " Evangelicals worried that these measures did nothing to prevent the movement of liquor from areas that still permitted its sale into those that had outlawed it. Historians who have investigated the shift away from prohibition sentiment and practice generally explain it by referring to different social changes. These include urbanization and upward mobility, another is the acceptance of the medical model of the alcoholic as someone who is suffering from a genetic or biologically-based disease. Those who are genetically or biologically ill represent less threat of contagion, making a spatial separating strategy less necessary. Some evangelical groups have once again begun to question the wisdom of the medical model, arguing instead for a return to a legal and moral solution to the liquor problem. In 2006 the Southern Baptist Convention passed Resolution #5: "Resolved that the messengers to the SBC express our total opposition to the manufacturing, advertising, distributing, and consuming of alcoholic beverages ... and be it further that we commend organizations and ministries that treat alcohol-related problems from a biblical perspective."

Lewy J. A biological threat or a social disease? Alcoholism and drug addiction in Nazi Germany. Journal of European Studies 39(3): 371-385, 2009. (37 refs.)

Racial hygiene - cleansing the Volk of those deemed undesirable by the regime such as anti-socials, biologically defective individuals and races - was at the heart of Nazi policy. This essay will explore whether the Nazi wrath was also directed against drug addicts; or, in other words: was drug addiction considered a biological disease to be eradicated? The answer is no. The Germans believed that drug addiction, unlike mental deficiency and alcoholism, was not hereditary. Not being hereditary, it presented no danger to the master race but could be cured, despite patients' relapses. Those who were not considered a threat to the race were deemed worthy of life and were treated relatively well.

Li TK. From herbal roots to synthetic medicines: A historical perspective. (editorial). Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 34(1): 1-3, 2010. (27 refs.)

Link BG; Phelan J. The social shaping of health and smoking. (editorial). Drug and Alcohol Dependence 104(Supplement 1): S6-S10, 2009. (23 refs.)

When major disease processes move from processes that humans cannot control to processes we do understand and do control at least to some extent a social shaping of health disparities occurs. When humans control, it is their policies, their knowledge, and their behaviors that shape the consequences of biomedical knowledge and technology to achieve a powerful social shaping of extant patterns of disease and death. Evidence to support this approach is garnered from data showing dramatic improvements in population health and in the uneven distribution of those improvements across persons, places and times. Health improvements suggest that humans have gained control of disease whereas the uneven and very slow spread of such improvements underscores the critical importance of social factors. Smoking beliefs and behaviors gathered in surveys conducted over the past 50 years conform to this social shaping notion providing insights into the current distribution of beliefs and behaviors.

Loder E. Medical Classics. Alcoholics Anonymous: "The Big Book" (editorial). British Medical Journal 339(b4387), 2009. (0 refs.)

This editorial is a response to the 60the anniversary of the Alcoholics Anonymous' classic publication, known as "The Big Book." The editor cites the initial response of the medical community to AA, as witnessed by the editorial in the Journal of the American Medical Association. The editorial in JAMA "dismissed the AA method as a 'curious combination of organizing propaganda and religious exhortation' and decried it as among the 'considerable number of other forms of quack treatment' that had 'sprung up' to treat alcoholism. " The JAMA reviewer opined that the one valid element "is the recognition of the seriousness of addiction to alcohol", but other than this the book was described as being of "no scientific interest." In this editorial it is noted that AA has become a commonly used treatment approach, and might well be seen as the a very early "lifestyle" intervention, meaning that changes in personal habits are advocated rather than procedures or drugs.

Loughton ME. Getting smashed: The deposition of amphorae and and drinking of wine in Gaul during the late Iron Age. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 28(1): 77-110, 2009. (149 refs.)

This paper aims to summarize current research on the chronology, provenance and deposition of Italian wine amphorae and associated material culture (ceramics and metal vessels) in Gaul from the second to the end of the first century BC. Recent studies have linked the consumption of imported wine in Gaul with the elite and/or a warrior class who organized great feasts in enclosures and sanctuaries. Instead, it will be suggested that access to wine in parts of central eastern France at least was relatively open while in some cases wine was being drunk by individuals involved in various industrial activities.

Martel M. 'They smell bad, have diseases, and are lazy': RCMP officers reporting on hippies in the late sixties. Canadian Historical Review 90(2): 215-245, 2009. (25 refs.)

At the end of the sixties, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) ordered officers engaged in undercover operations to send reports on drug users and especially hippies. This paper argues that collecting information on hippies was a useful weapon in the battle against softening penalties for marijuana offences since the federal police force was among the strongest opponents of legalizing or decriminalizing marijuana for recreational purposes. By depicting hippies in very negative terms, the RCMP was able to describe them as a threat and argue against their cultural, social, and political demands on the grounds that this was necessary to preserve society as it was.

McCarty D; Roman PM; Sorensen JL; Weisner C. Health services research for drug and alcohol treatment and prevention. Journal of Drug Issues 39(1): 197-208, 2009. (27 refs.)

Health services research is a multidisciplinary field that examines ways to organize, manage, finance, and deliver high-quality care. This specialty within substance abuse research developed from policy analyses and needs assessments that shaped federal policy and promoted system development in the 1970s. After the authorization of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), patient information systems supported studies of treatment processes and outcomes. Health services research grew substantially in the 1990s when NIAAA and NIDA moved into the National Institutes of Health, and legislation allocated 15% of their research portfolio to services research. The next decade will emphasize research on quality of care, adoption and use of evidence-based practices (including medication), financing reforms, and integration of substance abuse treatment with primary care and mental health services.

McGovern PE; Mirzoian A; Hall GR; Hall Gretchen R. Ancient Egyptian herbal wines. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(18): 7361-7366, 2009. (38 refs.)

Chemical analyses of ancient organics absorbed into pottery jars from the beginning of advanced ancient Egyptian culture, ca. 3150 B. C., and continuing for millennia have revealed that a range of natural products-specifically, herbs and tree resins-were dispensed by grape wine. These findings provide chemical evidence for ancient Egyptian organic medicinal remedies, previously only ambiguously documented in medical papyri dating back to ca. 1850 B. C. They illustrate how humans around the world, probably for millions of years, have exploited their natural environments for effective plant remedies, whose active compounds have recently begun to be isolated by modern analytical techniques.

Morgan R; Freeman L. The healing of our people: Substance abuse and historical trauma. Substance Use & Misuse 44(1): 84-98, 2009. (25 refs.)

For the past two decades, one of the authors (Robert Morgan) has been involved in the development and implementation of culturally based outpatient, inpatient, and aftercare programs for Alaskan native and American-Indian populations in Alaska. After years of observation, it was concluded that the best efforts of our clinicians were inadequate to the task at hand, i.e., that of resolving the social and physical ills that have ravaged the Alaskan peoples since the occupation. Morgan and others sought to create a new model of diagnosis and treatment that combined the cultural strengths of the people with the technical and treatment skills of the conventional medical profession. The model was grounded in a clear understanding of the factors causing disease in the people, and that understanding came from the people themselves. Before the growth of the healing plant that Uncle Walter spoke of could be nurtured, it was necessary to first examine the question of cause and effect. Much of the cause is rooted in the historical trauma experienced by the Alaska Native People. The effects are numerous, but one of the most obvious symptoms is substance misuse.

Mottier N. Drug gangs and politics in Ciudad Juarez: 1928-1936. Mexican Studies 25(1): 19-46, 2009. (64 refs.)

This article examines the two drug gangs in Ciudad Juarez that were significantly connected to local and state politics between 1928 and 1936. It sheds light on the border drug trade and the gangs themselves, shows how the gangs influenced local and state politics, and it illustrates how politics played an important role in shaping the gangs. In doing so, it clarifies the drug and political histories of Ciudad Juarez and the state of Chihuahua during the 1920s and 1930s.

Phung TT; King JA; Ubelaker DH. Alcohol, tobacco, and excessive animal protein: The question of an adequate diet in the seventeenth-century Chesapeake. Historical Archaeology 43(2): 61-82, 2009. (93 refs.)

Historical documents and faunal assemblages have indicated that the 17th-century Chesapeake English diet was, for the most part, nutritionally adequate and perhaps more so than the contemporary English diet. Pathological conditions observed on a number of 17th-century era human skeletons, however, including 19 individuals recovered from a single plantation cemetery in Maryland, suggest nutritional deficiencies in the colonists. The excessive but culturally acceptable consumption of meat, alcohol, and tobacco by the Chesapeake colonists appears to have affected nutrient absorption by at least some members of the population. Despite a potentially nutritious diet, the Chesapeake colonists suffered nutritional deficiencies that negatively impacted individual health.

Roeder W; Karcirk K; Glantz S. Smoking in the movies in the 1940s. Ethnicity & Disease 19(2, Supplement 3): S28-S29, 2009. (0 refs.)

This study examined tobacco use in a random sample of 20 of the top revenue films from 1940-1949. The compiled data from this time period was combined with data from an earlier study of tobacco use in films made during 1950 to 2002 by Glantz et al. We measured the prevalence of tobacco use, recorded per incident, per viewing hour. We obtained movie data of the top 20 1940s films from the Worldwide Box Office Internet site. All films were coded by a single coder. In earlier research, it was validated that coding by a single coder provided accurate results as opposed to comparing results of multiple coders. The purpose of this study was to determine and prove that the presentation of smoking in motion pictures is not accurately portrayed.

Rothschild D; Gellman M. Finding the common ground: Contemporary psychoanalysis and substance abuse treatment. Journal of Addictive Diseases 28(1): 28-38, 2009. (23 refs.)

Recent changes in psychoanalysis and substance abuse treatment are healing long-standing rifts that had kept these two fields apart. This article elaborates the historical positions that contributed to the schism and describes how the harm reduction model of substance abuse treatment and the relational orientation in psychoanalysis can bring them together. Three clinical examples illustrate how integrating these methods can offer an approach that is effective and comprehensive.

Rozsa L. A psychochemical weapon considered by the Warsaw Pact: A research note. Substance Use & Misuse 44(2): 172-178, 2009. (18 refs.)

Contrary to widespread rumours during the Cold War era, little, if any, evidence existed in the scientific literature to support the view that the Soviet Union or its Warsaw Pact allies considered the use of psychochemical weapons militarily. The Hungarian State Archives have recently opened up declassified records of Hungary's State Defence Council meetings held between 1962 and 1978. Materials submitted to the Council include reports about the coordinative meetings of the Warsaw Pact military medical services. Research into possible countermeasures against psychotropic drugs is listed as a research priority assigned to Hungary in 1962. Hungary rejected this task in 1963, but joined the ongoing project again in 1965. Methylamphetamine was produced in Budapest for use as an experimental model of such weapons. Within the context of contemporary western research, this drug was considered to be an effective interrogation tool. Similarly to the CIA, Hungary also failed to develop an antidote against it and the project was terminated, fruitlessly, in 1972. These documents serve as evidence that a Warsaw Pact forum had, in fact, been considering a psychochemical weapon as a warfare agent.

Sloboda Z; Cicero T; Inciardi J; Leukefeld C; McBride D; Stephens R. Reflections on 40 years of drug abuse research. Introduction. (editorial). Journal of Drug Issues 39(1): 1-3, 2009. (0 refs.)

Sloboda Z; Cottler LB; Hawkins JD; Pentz MA. Reflections on 40 years of drug abuse prevention research. Journal of Drug Issues 39(1): 179-195, 2009. (53 refs.)

Over the past twenty-five years, tremendous progress has been made in the area of drug abuse prevention research. The accumulated findings from longitudinal studies of adolescents regarding the factors associated with vulnerability to the substance use and abuse and trends from national surveys of substance use showing their association to societal perceptions of the harmfulness resulting from the use of these substances have informed the development of effective innovative prevention strategies. The 1990s saw a reversal in the perception of the value and importance of drug abuse prevention research with recognition of the fleldis approach to intervention development and implementation and its scientific rigor in demonstrating intervention impact. This paper reflects on this history anticipating both the positive and negative aspects of the future for the field.

Smith EA; Malone RE. "Everywhere the Soldier Will Be": Wartime tobacco promotion in the US military. American Journal of Public Health 99(9): 1595-1602, 2009. (99 refs.)

Deployment of young Americans in military engagements places them at increased risk for not only war hazards but also tobacco addiction and disease. Tobacco use diminishes troop health and readiness, and increases medical and training costs. Military tobacco control efforts began in 1986, yet tobacco use remains high. To determine whether and how the tobacco industry targets military personnel in wartime, we analyzed internal industry documents about the Gulf War (1990-1991) and constructed a historical case study. During this conflict, tobacco companies targeted troops with free cigarettes, direct advertising, branded items, ways to communicate with family, and "welcome home" events. Military authorities sometimes restricted this activity, but frequently enabled it; tobacco companies were regarded as benefactors. Considering tobacco use a benefit undermines military health priorities. Stronger policy is needed to reframe tobacco use as incompatible with military ideals.

Smith GD. Smoking and lung cancer: Causality, Cornfield and an early observational meta-analysis. (editorial). International Journal of Epidemiology 38(5): 1169-1171, 2009. (32 refs.)

Stickley A; Razvodovsky Y; Mckee M. Alcohol mortality in Russia: A historical perspective. Public Health 123(1): 20-26, 2009. (50 refs.)

Objective: To examine major changes in the supply of alcohol in Russia and its impact on health in late-tsarist and early-Soviet society. Study design and methods: Statistical data on acute forms of alcohol mortality were drawn from official Publications and medical literature Publicished in the period 1860-1930 that covered the 50 provinces of European Russia and some of the major cities in the Russian Empire. These data were examined for across-time changes in alcohol mortality in relation to changes in the availability of alcohol products, both in terms of increased and decreased levels of supply. Results: Rapid changes in the supply of alcoholic products in earlier periods of Russian history resulted in quick and marked changes in the levels of acute alcohol mortality. However, while restrictions on the availability of spirits have sometimes been effective in reducing alcohol mortality, there has often been a rapid recourse to alternative forms of alcohol, i.e. alcohol surrogates. Conclusion: The lesson of history suggests that any attempt to deal with the problem of hazardous drinking in Russia must deal with all sources of alcohol, both legal and illegal, as individuals have demonstrated a high degree of ingenuity in identifying alternative sources of alcohol, both in the past and the present.

Stix G. LSD. Scientific American 301(3, Special Issue): 79-79, 2009. (0 refs.)

The article discusses the origin of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25), which was discovered in a laboratory by the Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann. Topics include the accidental ingestion of a compound derived from a crop fungus called lysergic acid diethylamide, its effect on him, including an intoxicated-like condition, and his decision to conduct a self-experiment investigating the drug's physiological and psychological effects.

Tabakoff B. Charles Lieber, alcoholism researcher, 1931-2009 (biography). Addiction 104(11): 1937-1939, 2009. (0 refs.)

Vandenbroucke JP. Commentary: 'Smoking and lung cancer:' The embryogenesis of modern epidemiology. (editorial). International Journal of Epidemiology 38(5): 1193-1196, 2009. (18 refs.)

Warner J. Temperance, alcohol, and the American evangelical: A reassessment. (review). Addiction 104(7): 1075-1084, 2009. (109 refs.)

Abstinence from alcohol is a way of life for many American evangelicals, with rates of abstention running at over 70% among some Pentecostal denominations. This paper examines the religious beliefs that, historically, have supported teetotalism. The most notable of these is Christian perfection, a doctrine that originated in 18th-century England, that was then radicalized in America in the early 19th century. Abstinence from alcohol is highest among denominations that make Christian perfection the cornerstone of their teachings, and lowest among those that discount human agency. The paper also argues that 19th-century American evangelicals were by no means committed uniformly to temperance as a way of life, and that this was especially true of the various Methodist churches.

White WL. The mobilization of community resources to support long-term addiction recovery. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 36(2): 146-158, 2009. (126 refs.)

Models of addiction treatment that view the sources and solutions to severe alcohol and other drug (AOD) problems as rooted within the vulnerability and resiliency of each individual stand in marked contrast to models that focus on the ecology of AOD problem development and resolution via complex interactions between individuals, families, and communities. An integration of the latter model into mainstream addiction treatment would necessitate a reconstruction of the treatment-community relationship and new approaches to community resource development and mobilization. Such an integration Would redefine core addiction treatment services and to whom, by whom, when, where, and for how long such services arc delivered. This article draws on historical and contemporary events in the history of addiction treatment and recovery in the United States to illuminate the relationship between recovery and community. Principles and strategies that could guide the development and mobilization of community resources to Support the long-term recovery of individuals and families are identified.

Winkelstein W. The development of American public health, a commentary: Three documents that made an impact. Journal of Public Health Policy 30(1): 40-48, 2009. (16 refs.)

Arguably, three documents epitomize the development of the public health movement in the United States. The 1850 'Report of a General Plan for the Promotion of the Public and Personal Health of Massachusetts,' provided the theoretical and organizational basis for the development of an infrastructure for the American public health movement. The 1932 Report of the Committee on the Costs of Medical Care, 'Medical Care for the American People,' laid out a series of challenges for the humane, effective, and economical delivery of health and medical services to the American people, and the 1964 Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General on 'Smoking and Health' provided a paradigm of evidence-based public health policy. All three documents justified their conclusions on epidemiological evidence. Some may not agree that these documents are the most important to explain the American public health movement. Few, however, will disagree that they had an important impact.

Zagar RJ; Busch KG; Hughes JR; Arbit J. Comparing early and late twentieth-century Boston and Chicago male juvenie offenders: What changed? Psychological Reports 104(1, Special Issue): 185-198, 2009. (60 refs.)

To investigate changes in characteristics of delinquents over time, randomly selected contemporary delinquents (Zagar, et al., 1980-1988; n=2,031) were compared with 3 historical Chicago and Boston samples (Healy & Bonner, 1909-1915, n=2,000; Healy & Bonner, 1917-1923, n=2,000; Glueck & Glueck, 1917-1922, n = 1,000). All underwent physical, psychiatric, psychological, school, and social examinations. Contemporary delinquents had more assault, burglary, homicide, alcohol and substance abuse, gang membership, head injury, overdose, and single parents. Historical delinquent samples had more thieves and families with both biological parents. Historical delinquent mean IQ was 5 points below standardization average; modern delinquents were 22 points lower. Contemporary offenders were a greater portion of the county public school-aged population. Current more sensitive and specific examinations account for increases in observed overdoses and head injuries in the 1980s sample. Other demographic differences between contemporary and 3 historical delinquent samples were robust. Findings are discussed with respect to a need for early actuarial assessment and empirical treatment of the costliest delinquents: the dropouts, alcoholics, addicts, career delinquents-criminals, and homicide-prone youth.

Zwahlen M. Commentary: Cornfield on cigarette smoking and lung cancer and how to assess causality. (editorial). International Journal of Epidemiology 38(5): 1197-1198, 2009. (13 refs.)