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CORK Bibliography: Criminal Justice System

54 citations. January 2011 to present

Prepared: September 2011

Ahlin EM; Zador PL; Rauch WJ; Howard JM; Duncan GD. First-time DWI offenders are at risk of recidivating regardless of sanctions imposed. Journal of Criminal Justice 39(2): 137-142, 2011. (48 refs.)

Objective: Research demonstrates that punitive approaches to DWI employed by the judiciary have failed to significantly reduce recidivism. However, little is known about the deterrent effects of administrative and diversion sanctions. We examine whether such sanctions deter first-time DWI offenders. Methods: We grouped combinations of administrative, judicial, and diversion sanctions routinely employed in the state of Maryland for processing drivers arrested for DWI into one of eight mutually exclusive disposition sequences. We applied this classification to Maryland drivers who had been licensed in the state and had precisely one DWI on their record prior to January 1, 1999. We then used a proportional hazards model to estimate the probability of remaining free of a new DWI during a 6-year period (January 1, 1999 - December 31, 2004) as a function of the disposition of the index violation, and of selected factors that could affect that probability. Results: Drivers with a prior DWI were at relatively high risk of recidivating regardless of how they were sanctioned. Those who received administrative and alternative sanctions had a risk of recidivating similar to that of drivers who were convicted. Conclusion: All dispositions sequences, not just convictions, indicate that first-time DWI offenders are at high risk of recidivating.

Albrecht J; Lindsay B; Terplan M. Effect of waiting time on substance abuse treatment completion in pregnant women. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 41(1): 71-77, 2011. (28 refs.)

Although substance abuse treatment is associated with improved maternal and neonatal outcomes, pregnant women may be at increased risk of attrition. To explore the hypothesis that shorter waiting time for treatment is associated with increased completion, we analyzed all pregnant treatment admissions and discharges in the Treatment Episode Data Set-Discharges. There were 10,661 pregnant admissions in 2006. The effect of waiting time on treatment completion was modified by treatment setting. Immediate entry into ambulatory treatment, where most pregnant women are treated, was significantly associated with completion (odds ratio = 1.27, 95% confidence interval = 1.14-1.41). Criminal justice referral and a high school education were identified as completion predictors in all treatment settings. Waiting time impacts treatment completion in pregnant women. Resources need to be directed to ensure immediate access to treatment, particularly in the ambulatory setting.

Barrett EL; Mills KL; Teesson M. Hurt people who hurt people: Violence amongst individuals with comorbid substance use disorder and post traumatic stress disorder. Addictive Behaviors 36(7): 721-728, 2011. (58 refs.)

Aims: The association between substance use disorder (SUD) and the perpetration of violence has been well documented. There is some evidence to suggest that the co-occurrence of post traumatic stress drsorder (PTSD) may increase the risk for violence. This study aims to determine the prevalence of violence perpetration and examine factors related to violence amongst individuals with comorbid SUD and PTSD. Design and participants: Data was collected via interview from 102 participants recruited to a randomised controlled trial of an integrated treatment for comorbid SUD and PTSD. Measurements: The interview addressed demographics, perpetration of violent crime, mental health including aggression, substance use, PTSD, depression, anxiety and borderline personality disorder. Findings: Over half of participants reported committing violence in their lifetime and 16% had committed violence in the past month. Bivariate associations were found between violence perpetration aid trait aggression, higher levels of alcohol and cannabis use, lower levels of other opiate use, and experiencing more severe PTSD symptoms, particularly in relation to hyperarousal. When entered into a backward stepwise logistic regression however, only higher levels of physical aggression and more severe PTSD hyperarousal symptoms remained as independent predictors of violence perpetration. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of assessing for PTSD amongst those with SUD particularly in forensic settings. They also indicate that it is the hyperarousal symptoms of PTSD specifically that need to be targeted by interventions aimed at reducing violence amongst individuals with SUD and PTSD.

Binswanger IA; Blatchford PJ; Lindsay RG; Stern MF. Risk factors for all-cause, overdose and early deaths after release from prison in Washington State. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 117(1): 1-6, 2011. (55 refs.)

Background: High mortality rates after release from prison have been well-documented, particularly from overdose. However, little is known about the risk factors for death after release from prison. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the demographic and incarceration-related risk factors for all-cause, overdose and early mortality after release from prison. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of inmates released from a state prison system from 1999 through 2003. The cohort included 30,237 who had a total of 38,809 releases from prison. Potential risk factors included gender, race/ethnicity, age, length of incarceration, and community supervision. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to determine risk factors for all-cause, overdose and early (within 30 days of release) death after release from prison. Results: Age over 50 was associated with an increased risk for all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 2.67 for each decade increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.23, 3.20) but not for overdose deaths or early deaths. Latinos were at decreased risk of death compared to Whites only for all-cause mortality (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.42, 0.87). Increasing years of incarceration were associated with a decreased risk of all-cause mortality (HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.91, 0.99) and overdose deaths (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.68, 0.95), but not early deaths. Gender and type of release were not significantly associated with all-cause, overdose or early deaths. Conclusions: Age, ethnicity and length of incarceration were associated with mortality after release from prison. Interventions to reduce mortality among former inmates are needed.

Bird SM; Goldacre B; Strang J. Personal View: We should push for evidence based sentencing in criminal justice. British Medical Journal 342: e-article 612, 2011. (19 refs.)

Bohnert ASB; Nandi A; Tracy M; Cerda M; Tardifff KJ; Vlahov D; Galea S. Policing and risk of overdose mortality in urban neighborhoods. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 113(1): 62-68, 2011. (66 refs.)

Background: Accidental drug overdose is a major cause of mortality among drug users. Fears of police arrest may deter witnesses of drug overdose from calling for medical help and may be a determinant of drug overdose mortality. To our knowledge, no studies have empirically assessed the relation between levels of policing and drug overdose mortality. We hypothesized that levels of police activity, congruent with fears of police arrest, are positively associated with drug overdose mortality. Methods: We assembled cross-sectional time-series data for 74 New York City (NYC) police precincts over the period 1990-1999 using data collected from the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of NYC, the NYC Police Department, and the US Census Bureau. Misdemeanor arrest rate-reflecting police activity was our primary independent variable of interest, and overdose rate our primary dependent variable of interest. Results: The mean overdose rate per 100,000 among police precincts in NYC between 1990 and 1999 was 10.8 (standard deviation = 10.0). In a Bayesian hierarchical model that included random spatial and temporal effects and a space-time interaction, the misdemeanor arrest rate per 1000 was associated with higher overdose mortality (posterior median = 0.003, 95% credible interval = 0.001, 0.005) after adjustment for overall drug use in the precinct and demographic characteristics. Conclusions: Levels of police activity in a precinct are associated with accidental drug overdose mortality. Future research should examine aspects of police-community interactions that contribute to higher overdose mortality.

Bowser BP; Lewis D; Dogan D. External influences on drug treatment interventions: East Palo Alto's Free-at-Last. Journal of Addiction Medicine 5(2): 115- 122, 2011. (25 refs.)

External influences on community-based drug treatment program outcomes have not been adequately accounted by either treatment providers or evaluators. In 2001-2003, a cohort of 197 African American and Latino crack cocaine and heroin users was interviewed at intake into the Free-at-Last's treatment program in East Palo Alto, California. Objective: The goal of this research was to identify, and then measure, the impact of a series of theory-based, hypothesized external influences on 3 client treatment outcomes: (1) program completers, (2) dropouts, and (3) referrals to more intensive inpatient treatment. Methods: All program clients were interviewed using the Government Performance and Results Act and the California Alcohol and Drug Data System questionnaires. Supplemental questions hypothesized the external influences and were based on prior research and staff focus groups. Results: There were statistically significant differences in treatment outcomes based on employment status, homelessness, living situation, and jail time. Regression analyses indicated that the strongest outcome predictors were treatment intensity, followed by prior crack use, homelessness, income, and number of illegal drugs used. Path analysis showed that former crack use and time in jail formed a particularly strong cluster of external influences on treatment outcomes. This cluster was the result of court-mandated treatment of arrested crack users who chose treatment over incarceration. If users failed treatment, they went back to jail. In a community such as East Palo Alto, court-mandated referrals had a powerful external influence on treatment and, therefore, need to be considered when evaluating a treatment program.

Brennan IR. In Vino Silentium? Individual, situational, and alcohol-related factors in reporting violence to the police. Violence and Victims 26(2): 191-207, 2011. (53 refs.)

This study identifies the individual, situational, and alcohol-related factors associated with reporting violent victimization to the police. Factors positively associated with reporting included older age and incident severity (the assailant's use of a weapon, incurring injury that required attendance at an emergency department). Factors negatively associated with reporting included higher educational qualifications, assault in the nighttime economy (NTE), and drinking more than two alcoholic drinks immediately prior to victimization. It is possible that drinkers engage in "moratorium" on reporting violence in the NTE. Recognizing and reducing the acceptability of violence in the NTE may help reduce incidence of alcohol-related violence. Organizations that use police records of violence to inform practice and policy should account for uneven distributions in reporting behavior when analyzing trends in violence.

Bright DA; Ritter A. Australian trends in drug user and drug dealer arrest rates: 1993 to 2006-07. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 18(2): 190-201, 2011. (21 refs.)

There is a paucity of data available in a concise, accessible form that maps trends in illicit drug crime offences for different types of drugs. The aim of the current article was to collate data on arrests for illicit drugs, examine trends for the main illicit drug types, and explore some potential explanations for emergent trends. Trends for provider-type and consumer-type offences are reviewed in terms of the number of offences per year, and the proportion of total illicit drug offences for each year for each type of drug across the period 1993 to 2006-07. The main findings are: (a) substantially more users than dealers are arrested, (b) the stability of the ratio between consumer-type and provider-type arrests suggests a longstanding law enforcement focus on targeting drug users relative to drug dealers, (c) cannabis arrests consistently account for the greatest proportion of arrests, (d) the proportion of total provider-type arrests for cannabis decreased by 30% between 1993 and 2006-07, (e) heroin arrests peaked in 1998-1999, then declined rapidly around the time of the Australian heroin shortage, and have showed a decline since that time, and (f) arrests for amphetamine-type stimulants and phenethylamines have steadily increased between the early 1990s through to 2006-07. Potential explanations for trends in drug arrests are posited, such as changes in the prevalence of use and shifts in law enforcement focus. The methodological weaknesses of the data are summarized and areas for future research are suggested.

Champion JD. Context of sexual risk behaviour among abused ethnic minority adolescent women. International Nursing Review 58(1): 61-67, 2011. (37 refs.)

Background: Evidence suggests that multiple influences on sexual behaviour of adolescents exist, ranging from relationships with significant others including sexual or physical abuse and childhood molestation to substances used prior to sex and environmental circumstances such as sex work. Purpose: This study aims to describe associations between childhood molestation and sexual risk behaviour. Method: African American and Mexican American adolescent women aged 14-18 years (n = 562) with sexually transmitted infection (STI) or abuse histories and enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of behavioural interventions were interviewed via self-report concerning sexual risk behaviour, abuse and childhood molestation at study entry. Results: Sexual (59%), physical (77%) and psychological (82%) abuse and childhood molestation (25%) were self-reported without differences by ethnicity. Adolescents reporting childhood molestation experienced more forms of sexual, physical and psychological abuse than others and higher incidences of STI. Fewer attended school; however, more had arrests, convictions, incarcerations and probations. Stressors including depression, running away, thoughts of death and suicide were highest for those reporting childhood molestation. Those reporting childhood molestation engaged in higher sexual risk behaviours than adolescents experiencing other forms of sexual or physical abuse (lifetime partners, bisexual relationships, anal and group sex, sex with friends with benefits, sex for money, concurrent partners, drug use including multiple substances, alcohol use and alcohol problems). These adolescents reported 'getting high' and having sex when out of control as reasons for sex with multiple partners. Conclusion: Interventions for abused adolescent women necessitate a focus on associations between childhood molestation and a multiplicity of sexual risk behaviours for prevention of abuse, substance use and sex work, STI/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sequelae.

Childs K; Dembo R; Belenko S; Wareham J; Schmeidler J. A comparison of individual-level and community-level predictors of marijuana and cocaine use among a sample of newly arrested juvenile offenders. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 20(2): 114-134, 2011. (73 refs.)

Variations in drug use have been found across individual-level factors and community characteristics, and by type of drug used. Relatively little research, however, has examined this variation among juvenile offenders. Based on a sample of 924 newly arrested juvenile offenders, two multilevel logistic regression models predicting marijuana test result and cocaine test result were separately examined. The results highlighted a strong association between individual-level socio-demographic characteristics, most notably age and seriousness of arrest charge, and drug use. Residential stability was related to cocaine use, yet none of the community variables were related to marijuana use. These findings suggest that different risk factors are related to adolescent marijuana and cocaine use. The research implications of the findings are discussed.

Christensen SE. Health promotion and human right protection: Finding a balance for HIV testing policies in US state prisons. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care 22(3): 238- 243, 2011. (25 refs.)

In 2008, approximately 1.5 million people were reported to be incarcerated in a prison in the United States (Maruschak, 2009). Previous research has shown that many incarcerated individuals engage in high-risk sexual behaviors and/or have a history of substance abuse (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], n.d., para. 2), thereby putting them in a high-risk group for contracting HIV infection. As one would expect, this high-risk behavior has translated into startling statistics. According to the most recent U.S. Bureau of Justice report, the number of HIV-infected individuals living in the United States who are incarcerated is approximately 2.5 times higher than that of the general population (Maruschak, 2009). What is even more alarming is the fact that many of the infected individuals are unaware of their HIV status at the time of incarceration (Desai, Latta, Spaulding, Rich, & Flanigan, 2002). In addition to the high-risk behaviors engaged in by many of those who enter prison before their incarceration, once an individual is established within the prison setting, high-risk behaviors often continue. Many studies have examined the incidence of sexual activity in prisons; however, the results have been far from conclusive. Saum, Surratt, Inciardi, and Bennett (1995) reported a rate of 2%, whereas an earlier survey that was conducted when HIV was a newly emerging and unknown infection estimated a much higher rate of 65% (Wooden & Parker, 1982).

Clair M; Stein LAR; Martin R; Barnett NP; Colby SM; Monti PM et al. Motivation to change alcohol use and treatment engagement in incarcerated youth. Addictive Behaviors 36(6, special issue): 674- 680, 2011. (46 refs.)

Adolescents have been reported to be less motivated to engage and remain in substance abuse treatment than adults. When they appear motivated, it is often due to external motivators such as family pressure or court mandated treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine if adolescents' motivation to change alcohol use was related to treatment engagement while incarcerated and alcohol use after release. Participants ((N) under bar = 114) were youth in a state correctional facility in the Northeast and included adolescents who engaged in at least monthly drinking. Motivation to change alcohol use was measured by the Alcohol Ladder (AL), and treatment engagement was measured by the Treatment Participation Questionnaire (comprised of positive and negative treatment engagement). Measures were administered at baseline, 2 months in facility follow up, and 3 months post release follow up. Analysis indicated acceptable test-retest stability (r=.388, p <=.001). The AL at 3 months post release significantly predicted quantity and frequency of alcohol use after release. The AL at baseline also significantly predicted positive and negative treatment engagement at 2 months into incarceration (i.e., 2 months in facility follow up) indicating predictive validity. These results suggest that the AL is a reliable, valid, and useful instrument for incarcerated youth.

Drew JM. Police responses to the methamphetamine problem: An analysis of the Organizational and regulatory context. Police Quarterly 14(2): 99-123, 2011. (43 refs.)

This article focuses on the operational adoption and implementation of partnership policing strategy as applied to the methamphetamine problem. The study involves drug law enforcement officers employed in State-based, law enforcement agencies across three Australian police organizations. Using innovations and organizational change perspectives, the study examines the contextual factors that influence the translation of partnership strategies into operational drug law enforcement practice. The research found that partnership policing is influenced by factors across organizational, operational, and regulatory contexts. The process of partnership policing implementation can be better understood through an analysis of the legislative- versus voluntary-based operation of police partnerships and the commitment by organizations to providing resources, management support, performance systems, and organizational structure and policies that support these strategies.

Epperson MW; Khan MR; El-Bassel N; Wu E; Gilbert L. A longitudinal study of incarceration and HIV risk among methadone maintained men and their primary female partners. AIDS and Behavior 15(2): 347-355, 2011. (45 refs.)

This study examines the longitudinal relationship between personal and sexual partner incarceration and subsequent HIV risk behaviors among drug-involved men and their primary female sexual partners. A random sample of 356 men in methadone treatment in New York City were interviewed at baseline, 6 and 12 months; these men also reported information on their primary female sexual partners. Female partner recent incarceration was associated with subsequent increase in multiple partnerships for the male participants (AOR: 3.31; 95% C.I.: 1.26-8.72, P < .05). Female partner incarceration was also associated with reduced likelihood of subsequent unprotected sex between primary partners (AOR: .13; 95% C.I.: .05-.40, P < .01); this finding is somewhat unique and warrants further investigation. Findings support the notion of mutual influence in the case of female partner incarceration, which is associated with both female partner and male partner risk behaviors. HIV prevention implications are discussed, including the need for couple-based HIV prevention interventions targeting couples affected by incarceration.

Esseiva P; Gaste L; Alvarez D; Anglada F. Illicit drug profiling, reflection on statistical comparisons. Forensic Science International 207(1-3): 27-34, 2011. (16 refs.)

This paper presents reflexions about statistical considerations on illicit drug profiling and more specifically about the calculation of threshold for determining of the seizure are linked or not. The specific case of heroin and cocaine profiling is presented with the necessary details on the target profiling variables (major alkaloids) selected and the analytical method used. Statistical approach to compare illicit drug seizures is also presented with the introduction of different scenarios dealing with different data pre-treatment or transformation of variables. The main aim consists to demonstrate the influence of data pre-treatment on the statistical outputs. A thorough study of the evolution of the true positive rate (TP) and the false positive rate (FP) in heroin and cocaine comparison is then proposed to investigate this specific topic and to demonstrate that there is no universal approach available and that the calculations have to be revaluate for each new specific application.

Evans E; Anglin MD; Urada D; Yang J. Promising practices for delivery of court-supervised substance abuse treatment: Perspectives from six high-performing California counties operating Proposition 36. Evaluation and Program Planning 34(2): 124-134, 2011. (80 refs.)

Operative for nearly a decade, California's voter-initiated Proposition 36 program offers many offenders community-based substance abuse treatment in lieu of likely incarceration. Research has documented program successes and plans for replication have proliferated, yet very little is known about how the Proposition 36 program works or practices for achieving optimal program outcomes. In this article, we identify policies and practices that key stakeholders perceive to be most responsible for the successful delivery of court-supervised substance abuse treatment to offenders under Proposition 36. Data was collected via focus groups conducted with 59 county stakeholders in six high-performing counties during 2009. Discussion was informed by seven empirical indicators of program performance and outcomes and was focused on identifying and describing elements contributing to success. Program success was primarily attributed to four strategies, those that: (1) fostered program engagement, monitored participant progress, and sustained cooperation among participants; (2) cultivated buy-in among key stakeholders; (3) capitalized on the role of the court and the judge; and (4) created a setting which promoted a high-quality treatment system, utilization of existing resources, and broad financial and political support for the program. Goals and practices for implementing each strategy are discussed. Findings provide a "promising practices" resource for Proposition 36 program evaluation and improvement and inform the design and study of other similar types of collaborative justice treatment efforts.

Eytan A; Haller DM; Wolff H; Cerutti B; Sebo P; Bertrand D et al. Psychiatric symptoms, psychological distress and somatic comorbidity among remand prisoners in Switzerland. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 34(1): 13-19, 2011. (64 refs.)

Objective: The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms and complaints among remand prisoners in Switzerland and to analyze the relationships between psychiatric symptoms, physical health and substance abuse problems in this population. Method: The medical files of all detainees attending the prison health service in 2007 were reviewed. Identified health problems were coded using the International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC-2). Descriptive statistics and measures of association were computed. Results: A total of 1510 files were analyzed. Several associations between psychological symptoms (anxiety and insomnia) and physical health problems (skin, respiratory and circulatory) were observed. Substance abuse was also frequently associated with somatic health problems. Conclusions: These data provide the first comprehensive description of the mental health of detainees in Switzerland's largest remand prison. Our findings emphasize the need for coordinated health care services in detention settings.

Fitzpatrick KM; Myrstol B. The jailing of America's homeless: Evaluating the rabble management thesis. Crime & Delinquency 57(2): 271-297, 2011. (57 refs.)

The authors of this article test hypotheses derived from Irwin's rabble management thesis. The analysis uses data from 47,592 interviews conducted with jailed adults in 30 U. S. cities as part of the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring program. Clearly, homeless persons are overrepresented among those arrested and booked into local jails. Bivariate analysis support a fundamental assertion of the rabble management thesis: Homeless are jailed not because of their dangerousness but rather their offensiveness. Homeless arrestees are distinct from their domiciled counterparts in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, previous experiences with alcohol and drug treatment, mental health, criminal justice systems, and alcohol and drug use histories. In addition, homeless are less likely than domiciled arrestees to be jailed for felonies and violent crimes but more likely to be charged with maintenance and property crimes. Logistic regression models confirm these differences, even after other factors are controlled. A discussion of the policy implications of these findings follows.

Freudenberg N. HIV in the epicenter of the epicenter: HIV and drug use among criminal justice populations in New York City, 1980-2007. Substance Use & Misuse 46(2-3): 159-170, 2011. (85 refs.)

During the 1990s, some of the highest rates of HIV infection in the United States were found among inmates in the New York City jail and prisons systems. This article traces the history of drug use and HIV infection among populations incarcerated in New York City jails and New York State prisons between 1980 and 2007. It describes and analyzes the policies and programs that were initiated to respond to these epidemics and assesses the lessons learned from almost three decades of experience with HIV among populations in New York's correctional facilities.

Gallupe O; Bouchard M; Caulkins JP. No change is a good change? Restrictive deterrence in illegal drug markets. Journal of Criminal Justice 39(1): 81-89, 2011. (53 refs.)

Purpose: This study applies the concept of restrictive deterrence to a sample of drug market offenders. In particular, we assess the influence of behavioral changes post-arrest on time to rearrest. Methods: The sample consists of arrest data on all drug offences in South Australia from the start of 2000 to the end of 2007 (n = 26819). Cox proportional hazard models are used to conduct survival analyses. Supplementary models focus on those repeatedly arrested for cannabis cultivation to assess the influence of adjusting amounts of drugs on time to rearrest. Results: Changing behaviors is related to more rapid rearrest. Switching offense location, drug seriousness, and charge seriousness are all risk factors. However, among offenders repeatedly arrested for cannabis cultivation, changing location and increasing the number of plants they grow is related to a longer period before rearrest. Conclusions: Offenders that change their drug market behavior after being arrested appear to be placing themselves in situations in which they are more likely to fail due to the dangers of breaking into an unfamiliar market or offense pattern. Offenders with the longest post-arrest survival seem to be those that maintain their overall pattern of behavior while implementing subtle arrest avoidance techniques.

Gray NS; Taylor J; Snowden RJ. Predicting violence using structured professional judgment in patients with different mental and behavioral disorders. Psychiatry Research 187(1-2): 248- 253, 2011. (45 refs.)

We examined whether a leading instrument for the prediction of future violence in those with a mental disorder, The Historical, Clinical, Risk Management-20 (HCR-20) was equally effective across a wide range of mental health diagnoses. Records at the time of discharge from secure psychiatric services were used to score the HCR-20 risk assessment scheme. Patients were stratified according to whether they had received a particular mental health diagnosis. Reconvictions within 2 years of discharge were obtained from official sources and classified as to whether the offence was violent or not. Those with a diagnosis of either personality disorder or substance abuse were most likely to be reconvicted, whilst those with either a diagnosis of schizophrenia or mental retardation were the least likely. The HCR-20 was a statistically significant predictor of future violence in all groups; however, it returned only weak effects for the personality disordered group, but strong effects for those in the schizophrenia or mental retardation group. The HCR-20 risk assessment scheme is effective across a wide range of diagnoses. Nevertheless, the prediction of future events appears more difficult in those disorders characterized by impulsive behaviors and further research efforts are needed to understand how such prediction can be improved.

Gretton HM; Clift RJW. The mental health needs of incarcerated youth in British Columbia, Canada. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 34(2): 109-115, 2011. (45 refs.)

The purpose of the study was to identify the current prevalence of mental disorders and mental health needs among incarcerated male and female youths in Canada, and to present these data in the context of rates found in other jurisdictions. One hundred forty male and 65 female incarcerated young offenders in British Columbia were screened with the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument Version 2 (MAYSI-2); provisional psychiatric diagnoses were assessed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV (DISC-IV); abuse history and aggressive symptoms of Conduct Disorder (CD) were coded from file information. Nearly all youths (91.9% of males and 100% of females) met the criteria for at least one mental disorder. Substance abuse and dependence disorders were highly prevalent (85.5% of males and 100% of females). Aggressive forms of CD were common (72.9% of males and 84.3% of females), as were exposure to physical abuse (60.8% of males and 54.3% of females) and sexual abuse (21.2% of males and 42.4% of females). Female youths had significantly higher odds of presenting with: (1) substance abuse/dependence disorders; (2) current suicide ideation; (3) sexual abuse; (4) PTSD; (5) symptoms of depression and anxiety; (6) Oppositional Defiant Disorder; and (7) multiple mental disorder diagnoses. Male youths had significantly higher odds of presenting with aggressive symptoms of CD. Overall, rates of mental disorder among this sample of serious and violent young offenders were higher than rates previously reported for incarcerated youths - both in Canada and in other jurisdictions.

Guydish J; Chan M; Bostrom A; Jessup MA; Davis TB; Marsh C. A randomized trial of probation case management for drug-involved women offenders. Crime & Delinquency 57(2): 167-198, 2011. (100 refs.)

This article reports findings from a clinical trial of a probation case management (PCM) intervention for drug-involved women offenders. Participants were randomly assigned to PCM (n = 92) or standard probation (n = 91) and followed for 12 months using measures of substance abuse, psychiatric symptoms, social support, and service utilization. Arrest data were collected from administrative data sets. The sample included mostly African American and White women (age M = 34.7, education M = 11.6 years). Cocaine and heroin were the most frequently reported drugs of abuse, 86% reported history of incarceration, and 74% had children. Women assigned to both PCM and standard probation showed clinical improvement change over time on 7 of 10 measured outcomes. However, PCM group changes were no different than those observed for the standard probation group. Higher levels of case management, drug abuse treatment, and probationary supervision may be required to achieve improved outcomes in this population.

Hickert AO; Taylor MJ. Supportive housing for addicted, incarcerated homeless adults. Journal of Social Service Research 37(2): 136-151, 2011. (38 refs.)

Homeless populations often suffer from mental illness, substance abuse, and criminality. Interventions, such as supportive housing, can have positive impacts, although benefits can be limited. This study examined outcomes for clients (N = 102) of a new supportive housing intervention. Use of formal treatment, jail contact, and community stability were compared pre- and post-housing. Jail bookings and residential substance abuse treatment significantly declined post-housing, while clients improved in income level, access to food, and housing stability. Results from official justice and treatment system data suggest that supportive housing can lead to significant changes. Future research is necessary to understand the relationship between client characteristics and outcomes.

Jackson DO; Mrug S; Cook F; Beidleman W; Cropsey KL. Factors predicting substance dependence and psychotropic medication use among offenders in community corrections. Addictive Behaviors 36(7): 755-758, 2011. (19 refs.)

Co-occurring substance abuse and mental illness is prevalent among criminal offenders, but little is mown about risk factors for these co-occurring disorders (COD) in community corrections population. To identify risk factors for COD in community corrections offenders, we analyzed assessment data from 5,595 offenders maintained under community supervision at a substance use diversion program. Three groups, offenders with substance use disorders who were taking psychotropic medications (SUPM), offenders with a substance use disorder (SUD) only and controls were compared. Logistic regressions were used to identify predictors of SUPM versus SUD only and controls. SUPM status was predicted by being White or female, having some medical insurance (private or government aided), being unemployed, prior history of abuse/trauma and prior history of suicidal ideation or behavior. Offenders with substance use disorders and co-occurring psychiatric problems face salient social risk that may need to be targeted through integrated services.

Johnson JE; Friedmann PD; Green TC; Harrington M; Taxman FS. Gender and treatment response in substance use treatment-mandated parolees. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 40(3): 313-321, 2011. (53 refs.)

Well-controlled, randomized studies of correctional interventions examining gender effects are rare. This study examined gender main effects and gender x treatment interactions in a multisite randomized trial (N = 431) comparing a new form of correctional supervision for drug-involved offenders (collaborative behavioral management [CBM]) to standard parole. Outcomes included repeated measures of yes/no use of primary drug, alcohol use, and recidivism during 9 months postrelease. Generalized estimating equation analyses indicated that despite using harder drugs at baseline, women were less likely than men to use their primary drug and to use alcohol during the follow-up period. No gender-related differences in recidivism were found. Treatment interacted with gender to predict alcohol use, with women in CBM reporting the best alcohol outcomes (only 5% of women used alcohol during the follow-up period). The clear expectations, positive reinforcement, recognition of successes, fairness, and support present in CBM may be particularly important for women parolees.

Kempinen B. Problem-solving courts and the defense function: the wisconsin experience. Hastings Law Journal 62(5): 1349-1375, 2011. (31 refs.)

Problem-solving courts have emerged as one of the fastest growing innovations in the criminal justice system. Their growth has not been without controversy, given their dramatic departure from a traditional adversary model in favor of a collaborative approach in dealing with offenders with serious alcohol or substance abuse, or mental health issues. The most outspoken criticism of this approach has come from the defense bar. This Essay suggests much of the criticism is misplaced, and, that if care is exercised in separating the roles that defense counsel plays in communities with problem-solving courts the promise of this approach for appropriate offenders can be realized without compromising the core duties that counsel owes her client. The template proposed here for reconciling these conflicting interests is based in large part on the work and experiences of shareholders in Wisconsin problem-solving courts. It is further suggested that the proposed ABA Criminal Justice Standards for the Defense Function fail to address most, if not all, of the unique defense function issues presented by the problem-solving court model.

Killias M; Isenring GL; Gillieron G; Vuille J. Do drug policies affect cannabis markets? A natural experiment in Switzerland, 2000-10. European Journal of Criminology 8(3): 171- 186, 2011. (24 refs.)

Scholars and policymakers have long debated whether drug policies have any impact on demand for, supply of and prices for illegal substances. Switzerland's recent experience with changing policies offers an opportunity to study this issue. During the 1990s, the production and sale of this substance became increasingly tolerated. As a result, visible market structures (producers as well as shops) emerged. In 2004, however, traditional repressive policies were resumed and visible structures of production and distribution of cannabis disappeared again. During these critical years, market structures were monitored by a mail survey among cannabis shops and two 'fake client' studies. The results suggest that the policy shift led to decreased availability of the substance, higher prices and lower levels of cannabis use, particularly among the youngest age groups. Despite the illegal status of cannabis, other substances are still not available from the same dealers.

Kleiman MAR; Heussler L. Crime-minimizing drug policy. Journal of Criminal Justice 39(3, special issue): 286-288, 2011. (12 refs.)

Objective: To identify changes in drug abuse control measures that would reduce non-drug crime. Method: Policy analysis. Results: Expanding current anti-drug efforts in the conventional triad of enforcement, prevention, and treatment (including drug courts) holds out little hope of reducing non-drug crime. Routine drug law enforcement risks increasing crime by raising drug prices and creating incentives for violence among dealers. Low-arrest crackdowns to break up flagrant markets promise better results. Even good prevention programs have modest effect sizes, and most prevention programs are not based on proven models. The overlap between the population. of heavy illicit drug users and the population of frequent non-drug offenders presents a problem and a policy opportunity that current programs largely fail to grasp. Drug treatment, except for opiate substitution, has difficulty recruiting and retaining clients, and weak sanctions systems render treatment mandates largely nominal. Abstinence-mandate programs such as HOPE and Sobriety 24/7 have shown superior results in reducing re-offending and incarceration. Raising alcohol taxes reduces heavy alcohol use and crime due to intoxication without generating any offsetting criminogenic effects. Conclusion: Current drug policies are not optimally designed for the control of non-drug crime. Improvements are within relatively easy reach.

Laslett AM; Room R; Ferris J; Wilkinson C; Livingston M; Mugavin J. Surveying the range and magnitude of alcohol's harm to others in Australia. Addiction 106(9): 1603-1611, 2011. (32 refs.)

Aims This study aims to document the adverse effects of drinkers in Australia on people other than the drinker. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting In a national survey of Australia, respondents described the harmful effects they experienced from drinkers in their households, family and friendship networks, as well as work-place and community settings. Participants A randomly selected sample of 2649 adult Australians. Measurements Problems experienced because of others' drinking were ascertained via computer-assisted telephone interviews. Respondent and drinker socio-demographic and drinking pattern data were recorded. Findings A total of 70% of respondents were affected by strangers' drinking and experienced nuisance, fear or abuse, and 30% reported that the drinking of someone close to them had negative effects, although only 11% were affected by such a person 'a lot'. Women were more affected by someone they knew in the household or family, while men were more affected by strangers, friends and co-workers. Young adults were consistently the most negatively affected across the majority of types of harm. Conclusions: Substantial proportions of Australians are affected by other people's drinking, including that of their families, friends, co-workers and strangers. These harms range in magnitude from noise and fear to physical abuse, sexual coercion and social isolation.

Looman J; Abracen J. Substance abuse among high-risk sexual offenders: Do measures of lifetime history of substance abuse add to the prediction of recidivism over actuarial risk assessment instruments? Journal of Interpersonal Violence 26(4): 683-700, 2011. (45 refs.)

There has been relatively little research on the degree to which measures of lifetime history of substance abuse add to the prediction of risk based on actuarial measures alone among sexual offenders. This issue is of relevance in that a history of substance abuse is related to relapse to substance using behavior. Furthermore, substance use has been found to be related to recidivism among sexual offenders. To investigate whether lifetime history of substance abuse adds to prediction over and above actuarial instruments alone, several measures of substance abuse were administered in conjunction with the Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide (SORAG). The SORAG was found to be the most accurate actuarial instrument for the prediction of serious recidivism (i.e., sexual or violent) among the sample included in the present investigation. Complete information, including follow-up data, were available for 250 offenders who attended the Regional Treatment Centre Sex Offender Treatment Program (RTCSOTP). The Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST) and the Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST) were used to assess lifetime history of substance abuse. The results of logistic regression procedures indicated that both the SORAG and the MAST independently added to the prediction of serious recidivism. The DAST did not add to prediction over the use of the SORAG alone. Implications for both the assessment and treatment of sexual offenders are discussed.

Marlowe DB; Festinger DS; Dugosh KL; Caron A; Podkopacz MR; Clements NT. Targeting dispositions for drug-involved offenders: A field trial of the Risk and Needs Triage (RANT)(TM). Journal of Criminal Justice 39(3, special issue): 253-260, 2011. (55 refs.)

Purpose: This field trial examined the process of assigning drug-involved offenders to dispositions based on their criminogenic risks and needs. Methods: Probation officers administered the Risk and Needs Triage (RANT)(TM) to 627 felony drug and property offenders at the pre-trial stage or shortly after sentencing to probation. The RANT (TM) was evaluated for internal scale consistency, factor structure, and predictive validity for re-arrest and re-conviction rates within 12 months of case disposition. Exploratory analyses examined whether recidivism was lower for participants who were assigned to an appropriate disposition given their assessment results. Results: The RANT (TM), demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and factorial validity, and significantly predicted re-arrest and re-conviction rates within 12 months of case disposition. There was no racial or gender bias in the prediction of recidivism. Non-significant trends favored better outcomes for participants who were assigned to the indicated dispositions. Conclusions: The results lend support for the RANT (TM) as a dispositional triage tool for drug-involved defendants and probationers at or near the point of arrest. The results also lend tentative support to the hypothesis that outcomes might be better if drug-involved offenders were matched to appropriate dispositions based on their risk-and-need profiles. Directions for future research are discussed.

Matheson FI; Doherty S; Grant BA. Community-based aftercare and return to custody in a national sample of substance-abusing women offenders. American Journal of Public Health 101(6): 1126- 1132, 2011. (62 refs.)

Objectives. We evaluated the effectiveness of the Community Relapse Prevention and Maintenance (CRPM) program, developed by Correctional Service Canada to better meet the needs of women offenders with drug problems. Methods. Using survival analysis, we investigated the association between exposure and nonexposure to CRPM and return to custody among a national sample of women offenders released from 1 of 6 federal institutions across Canada during the period May 1, 1998 to August 31, 2007. Results. After control for other risk factors, women who were not exposed to CRPM were 10 times more likely than were women exposed to CRPM to return to custody 1 year after release from prison, with more than a third returning to prison within the first 6 months. Conclusions. Aftercare is a critical component of a woman's support system after she leaves prison. Strategies that improve access to community aftercare are imperative for improving the life chances and health of these women.

McKenna B. Mental health and addiction services in the criminal justice system: Where do we sit? (editorial). International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 20(2): 75- 76, 2011. (7 refs.)

Ojeda VD; Robertson AM; Hiller SP; Lozada R; Cornelius W; Palinkas LA et al. A qualitative view of drug use behaviors of Mexican male injection drug users deported from the United States. Journal of Urban Health 88(1): 104-117, 2011. (55 refs.)

Deportees are a hidden yet highly vulnerable and numerous population. Significantly, little data exists about the substance use and deportation experiences of Mexicans deported from the United States. This pilot qualitative study describes illicit drug use behaviors among 24 Mexico-born male injection drug users (IDUs), >= 18 years old, residing in Tijuana, Mexico who self-identified as deportees from the United States. In-person interviews were conducted in Tijuana, Mexico in 2008. Content analysis of interview transcripts identified major themes in participants' experiences. Few participants had personal or family exposures to illicit drugs prior to their first U. S. migration. Participants reported numerous deportations. Social (i.e., friends/family, post-migration stressors) and environmental factors (e. g., drug availability) were perceived to contribute to substance use initiation in the U. S. Drugs consumed in the United States included marijuana, heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, and crack. More than half of men were IDUs prior to deportation. Addiction and justice system experiences reportedly contributed to deportation. After deportation, several men injected new drugs, primarily heroin or methamphetamine, or a combination of both drugs. Many men perceived an increase in their substance use after deportation and reported shame and loss of familial social and economic support. Early intervention is needed to stem illicit drug use in Mexican migrant youths. Binational cooperation around migrant health issues is warranted. Migrant-oriented programs may expand components that address mental health and drug use behaviors in an effort to reduce transmission of blood-borne infections. Special considerations are merited for substance users in correctional systems in the United States and Mexico, as well as substance users in United States immigration detention centers. The health status and health behaviors of deportees are likely to impact receiving Mexican communities. Programs that address health, social, and economic issues may aid deportees in resettling in Mexico.

Patry MW; Magaletta PR; Diamond PM; Weinman BA. Establishing the validity of the personality assessment inventory drug and alcohol scales in a corrections sample. Assessment 18(1): 50-59, 2011. (41 refs.)

Although not originally designed for implementation in correctional settings, researchers and clinicians have begun to use the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) to assess offenders. A relatively small number of studies have made attempts to validate the alcohol and drug abuse scales of the PAI, and only a very few studies have validated those scales in nonclinical correctional samples. The current study examined evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for the substance abuse scales on the PAI in a large, nonclinical sample of offenders. The net sample for the current study consisted of 1,120 federal inmates. Both the drug abuse and alcohol scales showed good convergent validity through high correlations with relevant proximal and distal indicators of substance use across multiple measures from several data sources. Discriminant validity was established as neither scale showed any "erroneous" correlations after controlling for the other scale. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

Pullmann MD. Effects of out-of-home mental health treatment on probability of criminal charge during the transition to adulthood. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 81(3): 410-419, 2011. (59 refs.)

Criminal justice-related outcomes for youth who have been served in out-of-home mental health settings such as residential treatment and inpatient hospitalization are unclear. This study longitudinally modeled the changing probability of being charged with a crime from age 16 to 25, including being served in out-of-home treatment and aging into adulthood, while controlling for person-level covariates such as gender, race, past criminal charges, and mental health diagnoses. Results. indicated that out-of-home treatment was related to a decreased probability of being charged with a crime during treatment. However, the preventive effect was small; estimates indicated only one criminal charge avoided for every 4 years of out-of-home treatment. Out-of-home treatment had no relationship to posttreatment probability of charge. Other significant contributors to being charged included gender, a substance use diagnosis, and an offense record prior to age 16. Evidence indicated that out-of-home treatment was used as an alternative to detention and incarceration for both juveniles and adults.

Racz J; Melles K; Marvanykovi F; Lencse M; Petke Z. Communicating the principle of 'treatment instead of punishment' in Hungary on the basis of an examination of the patients at a drug outpatient clinic. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 18(3): 207-218, 2011. (52 refs.)

Aims: Drug use is an indictable offence in Hungary, but there is an opportunity to suspend the criminal proceedings if a small quantity of drugs is involved. However, the principle of 'treatment instead of punishment' (TIP) is heavily disputed in the professional literature. This study addresses the impact of the legal implementation of TIP on the practices of an institution that treats drug patients. Methods: Data were analysed on the basis of addiction severity index (ASI) interviews conducted with individuals (n = 628) who applied for treatment at a Budapest drug outpatient clinic between 2001 and 2005. The ASIs of individuals who chose TIP were compared with those of other drug patients using cluster analysis and a two-sample statistical t-test. Findings: After 2003, when the criminal law changed, the share of participants in TIP increased from 24%% to 72.6%%. Approximately, half the sample required treatment but did not have any problems. From 2003, the share of patients ''without problems'' who chose TIP was high (60%%). Conclusions: A modification of the TIP framework is justified for Hungary's criminal administration policy, which should consider the severity of the condition of the person utilizing the service in connection with drug use.

Rehm J; Patra J; Gnam WH; Sarnocinska-Hart A; Popova S. Avoidable cost of alcohol abuse in Canada. European Addiction Research 17(2): 72-79, 2011. (15 refs.)

Aims: To estimate avoidable burden and avoidable costs of alcohol abuse in Canada for the year 2002. Methods: A policy effectiveness approach was used. The impact of six effective and cost-effective alcohol policy interventions aimed to reduce alcohol consumption was modeled. In addition, the effect of privatized alcohol sales that would increase alcohol consumption and alcohol-attributable costs was also modeled. The effects of these interventions were compared with the baseline (aggregate) costs obtained from the second Canadian Study of Social Costs Attributable to Substance Abuse. Results: It was estimated that by implementing six cost-effective policies from about 900 million to two billion Canadian dollars per year could be saved in Canada. The greatest savings due to the implementation of these interventions would be achieved in the lowering of productivity losses, followed by health care, and criminality. Substantial increases in burden and cost would occur if Canadian provinces were to privatize alcohol sales. Conclusion: The implementation of proven effective population-based interventions would reduce alcohol-attributable burden and its costs in Canada to a considerable degree.

Sarin E; Samson L; Sweat M; Beyrer C. Human rights abuses and suicidal ideation among male injecting drug users in Delhi, India. International Journal of Drug Policy 22(2): 161- 166, 2011. (56 refs.)

Background: Human rights abuses, denial of care, police surveillance, and violence directed at IDUs have been found to impact HIV prevention efforts due to decreased attendance in harm reduction programs. The association of mental health status with rights abuses has not been examined extensively among drug users. In India, drug control laws are often in conflict with harm reduction policies, thus increasing the likelihood of rights abuses against IDUs. The purpose of this study was to describe human rights abuses occurring among IDUs in Delhi and examine their association with suicidal ideation. Methods: 343 IDUs were recruited in two research sites in Delhi through respondent driven sampling and were interviewed with a cross sectional survey questionnaire that included items on human rights and socio demographics. Results: IDUs in the study experienced many human rights abuses. Notably among these were denial of admission into hospital (38.5%), denial of needles and syringes (20%), police arrests for carrying needles and using drugs (85%), verbal abuse (95%) and physical abuse (88%). Several human rights abuses were associated with suicidal ideation. These include being denied needles and syringes (OR: 7.28, 95% CI: 3.03-17.49); being arrested by police for carrying needles and using drugs (OR: 2.53,95% CI: 1.06-6.03), and being physically abused (OR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.05-2.23). The likelihood of suicidal ideation is also strongly related to the cumulative number of abuses. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that there is a high prevalence of human rights abuses among IDUs in Delhi. Given the alarming rate of suicidal ideation and its close relationship with human rights abuses it is essential that IOU interventions are executed within a rights-based framework.

Scott MC; Edwards L; Lussier LR; Devine S; Easton CJ. Differences in legal characteristics between Caucasian and African-American women diverted into substance abuse treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 39(1): 65-71, 2011. (29 refs.)

In this exploratory study. we examined differences in the legal characteristics of Caucasian and African-American female offenders (n = 122) who were diverted into substance abuse treatment, to identify any racial disparities. We also examined the differences between groups in demographics and in substance abuse, family, and violence histories. In terms of legal characteristics, the results showed that African-American female offenders were significantly more likely to have been incarcerated at the time of their substance dependency evaluation than were Caucasian female offenders. Also, African-American women were more likely to have served 13 months for the current legal charge in comparison to the 4 months served by Caucasian women, although no differences were found between groups in the severity of the current legal charge. Comparison of demographics and substance abuse, family, and violence histories indicated that African-American women were more likely to be undereducated, crack cocaine dependent, and overly exposed to violence. Overall, the sample of female offenders evidenced severe substance dependency problems, a strong need for inpatient substance abuse treatment, and chronic legal and social difficulties. Implications of these findings are discussed in relation to unbalanced sentencing policies and increasing awareness of the treatment needs of this unique population.

Springer SA; Azar MM; Altice FL. HIV, alcohol dependence, and the criminal justice system: A review and call for evidence-based treatment for released prisoners. (review). American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 37(1): 12-21, 2011. (102 refs.)

Background: People with both HIV and alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are disproportionately concentrated within the U. S. criminal justice system; approximately one-quarter of all people with HIV cycle through the system each year. HIV-infected prisoners with AUDs face many obstacles as they transition back to the community. Specifically, although they have impressive HIV treatment outcomes during the period of incarceration while they are free from alcohol. Upon release, however, they face inordinate challenges including relapse to alcohol use resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Objective: To review the existing literature regarding the relationship of HIV and treatment for AUDs within the criminal justice system in an effort to determine "best practices" that might effectively result in improved treatment of HIV and AUDs for released prisoners. Methods: PubMed, PsychInfo and Medline were queried for articles published in English from 1990 to 2009. Selected references from primary articles were also examined. Results: Randomized controlled trials affirm the role of pharmacotherapy using naltrexone (NTX) as the therapeutic option conferring the best treatment outcome for AUDs in community settings. Absent from these trials were inclusion of released prisoners or HIV-infected individuals. Relapse to alcohol abuse among HIV-infected prisoners is associated with reduced retention in care, poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy with consequential poor HIV treatment outcomes and higher levels of HIV risk behaviors. Conclusions and Scientific Significance: Untreated alcohol dependence, particularly for released HIV-infected prisoners, has negative consequences both for the individual and society and requires a concentrated effort and rethinking of our existing approaches for this vulnerable population.

Staton-Tindall M; Frisman L; Lin HJ; Leukefeld C; Oser C; Havens JR et al. Relationship influence and health risk behavior among re-entering women offenders. Womens Health Issues 21(3): 230- 238, 2011. (41 refs.)

Background: Studies have shown that relationships can influence health risk behaviors such as drug use among women offenders. This study takes an exploratory look at the positive and negative influences of parents, peers, and partners for women prisoners to better understand their health risk behavior for HIV, including risky sex and drug use. Methods: The current study includes secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from women offenders enrolled in three protocols of the National Institute on Drug Abuse-funded Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies cooperative agreement. Baseline interviews were completed with incarcerated women preparing for community re-entry and focused on behaviors during the 6 months before incarceration. Relationship influences during the 6 months before prison were categorized as "positive" or "negative" for the women offenders. Findings: Multivariate regression models suggested that positive parental influence was significantly associated with reduced HIV risk and reduced drug use in the 6 months before incarceration. However, negative peer influence increased drug use including both risky needle behavior and any drug use in the 6 months before incarceration. Conclusion: These data suggest that, although relationships are generally important to women, particular types of relationship influences may be related to risky behavior. Implications for targeting re-entry interventions for women offenders are discussed.

Stein LAR; Lebeau R; Colby SM; Barnett NP; Golembeske C; Monti PM. Motivational interviewing for incarcerated adolescents: Effects of depressive symptoms on reducing alcohol and marijuana use after release. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 72(3): 497- 506, 2011. (51 refs.)

Objective: Motivational interviewing to reduce alcohol and marijuana use among incarcerated adolescents was evaluated. Method: Adolescents (N = 162, 84% male; M = 17.10 years old) were randomly assigned to receive motivational interviewing or relaxation training, with follow-up assessment 3 months after release. Results: Compared with those who received relaxation training, adolescents who received motivational interviewing had lower rates of alcohol and marijuana use at follow-up, with some evidence for moderating effects of depression. At low levels of depression, adolescents who received motivational interviewing had lower rates of use. Adolescents who received relaxation training and who had high levels of depressive symptoms early in incarceration showed less use at follow-up than those low in depressive symptoms who received relaxation training. Conclusions: This brief motivational interviewing intervention during incarceration reduces alcohol and marijuana use after release. In addition, depressive symptoms early in incarceration should be considered in treating these adolescents, but more work is needed to extend follow-up period and account for the impact of depression on outcomes.

Strydom N; Pienaar C; Dreyer A; van der Merwe L; van Rensburg BJ; Calitz FJW et al. Profile of forensic psychiatric inpatients referred to the Free State Psychiatric Complex, 2004-2008. South African Journal of Psychiatry 17(2): 40-43, 2011. (14 refs.)

Introduction. An accused found unfit to stand trial and/or not criminally responsible for his/her actions because of mental illness, is declared a state patient by the court. Aim. The aim of the study was to analyse the biographical data and relevant particulars of forensic psychiatric inpatients who were admitted to the Free State Psychiatric Complex (FSPC) according to section 42 of the Mental Health Care Act (No. 17 of 2002), from 2004 to 2008. Study design. A descriptive, retrospective study was conducted. Method. One hundred and twenty forensic psychiatric inpatients admitted to the FSCP in terms of section 42 of the Mental Health Care Act during the period 2004 - 2008 were included in the study. Results. The majority of the offenders were male (95.8%), unmarried (83.8%) and unemployed (81.5%). The median age was 32.5 years. Most of the offences against persons were of a sexual nature (45.8%). The main offence against properly was vandalism (40.6%). Most of the patients in the study had a history of abusing substances such as alcohol (74%), cannabis (66.7%), tobacco (29.6%) and glue (6.2%). More than half (55.5%) of the forensic inpatients were diagnosed with schizophrenia, followed by mental retardation (10%) and bipolar mood disorder (9.2%). Fifty-eight per cent of the,participants had received treatment for a mental illness prior to the crime, and 63% were also known to have poor compliance and to have defaulted from treatment in the past. Eighty per cent of the participants reported having family or friends willing to accommodate them upon discharge. Conclusion. The majority of the crimes committed were against persons, with rape being the most common. Most of the participants were diagnosed with schizophrenia. The following factors that may influence the rehabilitation, management and training programmes for state patients were identified: active symptoms of a major mental illness such as schizophrenia, current substance abuse, a history of substance abuse, seriousness of the crime committed, medication compliance, a psychiatric history, and family or friends willing to accommodate the participant upon discharge.

Tiger R. Drug courts and the logic of coerced treatment. Sociological Forum 26(1): 169-182, 2011. (42 refs.)

This article examines the social and historical significance of coerced drug treatment within the criminal justice system. Drug courts, the most prominent example of this approach, serve as a case study to explore how seemingly contradictory perspectives on substance use-therapeutic and punitive-are merged to justify increased criminal justice oversight of defendants in the name of facilitating recovery. Drawing on an analysis of drug court organizational documents and interviews with key advocates, this article (1) examines the punitive, therapeutic, and medical knowledge drug court advocates draw on and construct to justify an increased role for the courts in solving the problem of addiction, and (2) links these theories historically to broader discussions about the causes of crime and the courts' role in solving social problems. Overall, this article considers how scientific theories are fused with moral considerations in the name of an "enlightened" criminal justice approach to complex social problems.

Vaeroy H. Depression, anxiety, and history of substance abuse among Norwegian inmates in preventive detention: Reasons to worry? BMC Psychiatry 11: article 40, 2011. (33 refs.)

Background: Inmates on preventive detention are a small and select group sentenced to an indefinite term of imprisonment. Mood disorders and substance abuse are risk factors for inmate violence and recidivism, so the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and substance abuse was examined in this cohort using psychometric tests. Methods: Completion of self-report questionnaires was followed by face-to-face clinical interviews with 26 of the 56 male inmates on preventive detention in Norway's Ila Prison. Substance abuse histories and information about the type of psychiatric treatment received were compiled. To assess anxiety and depression, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Clinical Anxiety Scale (CAS), and the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) were used. Results: Scores on the MADRS revealed that 46.1% of inmates had symptoms of mild depression. The HADS depression subscale showed that 19.2% scored above the cut-off for depression (kappa = 0.57). The CAS anxiety score was above the cut-off for 30.7% of the subjects, while 34.6% also scored above the cut-off on the HADS anxiety subscale (kappa = 0.61). Almost 70% of all these inmates, and more than 80% of those convicted of sex crimes, had a history of alcohol and/or drug abuse. Conclusions: Mild anxiety and depression was found frequently among inmates on preventive detention. Likewise, the majority of the inmates had a history of alcohol and drug abuse. Mood disorders and substance abuse may enhance recidivism, so rehabilitation programs should be tailored to address these problems.

Vaughn M. Addiction and criminal justice: Empirical findings and theory for advancing public safety and health. (editorial). Journal of Criminal Justice 39(3, special issue): 205-206, 2011. (14 refs.)

Yan JH; Dannerbeck A. Exploring the relationship between gender, mental health needs, and treatment orders in a metropolitan juvenile court. Journal of Child and Family Studies 20(1): 9-22, 2011. (38 refs.)

We explored personal, social, and legal factors associated with different types of mental health treatment orders in one Missouri metropolitan court where the majority of system-involved youth are African-American. The research question under investigation is: with objective assessment information at their disposal, do judges order mental health treatment based on indicators of need or do they follow the pattern found in other studies where demographic and legal variables are key indicators? The bivariate results indicate that while males and females do not differ in mental health status, they do differ in psychosocial needs and offense patterns. In the multivariate analysis, the mental health treatment specific model indicates that commonly used indicators of need, prior mental health status and being female are related to receiving treatment orders. In the substance abuse treatment specific model, the significant factors are closely aligned with need: drug offenses, substance abuse problems, and negative influence of peers.

Yazzie RA. Availability of treatment to youth offenders: Comparison of public versus private programs from a national census. Children and Youth Services Review 33(6): 804- 809, 2011. (23 refs.)

Across the United States, the availability of mental health, substance abuse, and recidivism reduction programs in the juvenile justice system (JJS) varies from none or few to a rich variety of programs. Within the last decade, prison privatization in the adult correctional system has influenced the onset of privatization in the JJS. The differences between public and private sectors in their availability of mental health services and treatment programs to juvenile offenders are understudied. In this article, a secondary analysis of a national census of 3163 juvenile facilities was conducted to determine differences in treatment availability as well as the impact of treatment accessibility on the event of a suicide. Results indicate private facilities more likely to offer treatment services and schedule mental health personnel more frequently. Those facilities reporting family counseling treatment programs were less likely to have reported a suicide event. Policy implications and a review of progress towards improvement in the AS are presented.

Yoon J. Effect of increased private share of inpatient psychiatric resources on jail population growth: Evidence from the United States. Social Science & Medicine 72(4): 447- 455, 2011. (80 refs.)

There is a strong connection between the mental health and criminal justice systems. This research empirically tested whether the privatization of the inpatient mental health system alters this relationship, contributing to jail population growth. Using state-level panel data on U.S. states and the District of Columbia for the years 1985-1998, this study analyzed the relationship between the size of jail populations and private share of hospital psychiatric beds, first for overall private beds and then separately by private for-profit and nonprofit. Empirical models controlled for changes in mental health financing and resources, variations in criminal justice practice, and demographic and socio-economic factors as well as state and year fixed effects. A method of instrumental variables was employed to make a stronger case for causal inference. Results show that a one-percentage point increase in the private for-profit share of psychiatric beds contributes to the growth of jail inmates by approximately 2.3% annually. A greater private nonprofit share of psychiatric beds does not appear to influence the size of jail populations. These findings suggest that the increased private for-profit share of inpatient psychiatric resources undermines the safety-net and some control function of the mental health system and leads to a greater number of jail inmates.

Zhang LN; Liu JH; Huang KC. The role of criminal justice system in treating drug abusers: The Chinese experience. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 41(1): 45-54, 2011. (22 refs.)

This study explores the role of China's criminal justice system in treating drug abusers and provides a preliminary assessment of the mandatory treatment centers administered by police and reeducation-through-labor camps managed by correction agencies in China. The exploration and assessment are conducted using data collected from recent surveys of drug users in several mandatory treatment centers and a reeducation-through-labor camp in a large city of China in 2009. The data reveal that the treatment involvement levels of drug users in these mandatory treatment centers and reeducation-through-labor camps varied and their perceptions of the treatments they had received for their recovery seem fairly positive. The implication of these findings was discussed in the context of Chinese social and legal tradition.

Zhang SX; Roberts REL; McCollister KE. Therapeutic community in a California prison: Treatment outcomes after 5 years. Crime & Delinquency 57(1): 82-101, 2011. (32 refs.)

Therapeutic communities have become increasingly popular among correctional agencies with drug-involved offenders. This quasi-experimental study followed a group of inmates who participated in a prison-based therapeutic community in a California state prison, with a comparison group of matched offenders, for more than 5 years after their initial prison release. Contrary to successes reported elsewhere, this study found no difference in new arrests and returns to prison between therapeutic community participants and the comparison participants after 5 years. Overall, more than 60% of both groups were returned to prison within 2 years following their initial release. After 5 years, the return-to-prison rate reached about 73% for both groups. The average time spent in prison following initial release was about the same for both groups. Rearrest offenses were also similar in both groups. Policy implications are discussed.