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CORK Bibliography: Adolescents and Prevention

51 citations. October 2006 to present

Prepared: September 2007

August GJ; Winters KC; Realmuto GM; Tarter R; Perry C; Hektner JM. Moving evidence-based drug abuse prevention programs from basic science to practice: "Bridging the efficacy-effectiveness interface". Substance Use & Misuse 39(10/12): 2017-2053, 2004. (56 refs.)

This article examines the challenges faced by developers of youth drug abuse prevention programs in transporting scientifically proven or evidence-based programs into natural community practice systems. Models for research on the transfer of prevention technology are described with specific emphasis given to the relationship between efficacy and effectiveness studies. Barriers that impede the successful integration of efficacy methods within effectiveness studies (e.g., client factors, practitioner factors, intervention structure characteristics, and environmental and organizational factors) are discussed. We present a modified model for program development and evaluation that includes a new type of research design, the hybrid efficacy-effectiveness study that addresses program transportability. The utility of the hybrid study is illustrated in the evaluation of the Early Risers "Skills for Success" prevention program.

Bausell RB; Sussman S. Translation issues in HIV, mental health, childhood obesity, and tobacco and drug abuse prevention: Introduction to the second issue. Evaluation & the Health Professions 29(2): 159-161, 2006. (5 refs.)

Botvin GJ; Griffin KW; Nichols TD. Preventing youth violence and delinquency through a universal school-based prevention approach. Prevention Science 7(4): 403-408, 2006. (24 refs.)

Violence is an important public health problem among adolescents in the United States. Substance use and violence tend to co-occur among adolescents and appear to have similar etiologies. The present study examined the extent to which a comprehensive prevention approach targeting an array of individual-level risk and protective factors and previously found effective in preventing tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use is capable of decreasing violence and delinquency. Schools (N=41) were randomly assigned to intervention and control conditions. Participants in the 20 intervention schools received the Life Skills Training prevention program including material focusing on violence and the media, anger management, and conflict resolution skills. Survey data were collected from 4,858 sixth grade students prior to the intervention and three months later after the intervention. Findings showed significant reductions in violence and delinquency for intervention participants relative to controls. Stronger prevention effects were found for students who received at least half of the preventive intervention. These effects include less verbal and physical aggression, fighting, and delinquency. The results of this study indicate that a school-based prevention approach previously found to prevent tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use can also prevent violence and delinquency.

Brounstein P; Gardner S; Backer TE. Research to practice: Bringing effective prevention to every community. IN: Tolan P; Szapocznik JA; Sambrano S, eds. Preventing Youth Substance Abuse: Science-based Programs for Children and Adolescents. Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 2007. pp. 41-64. (21 refs.)

Getting evidence-based drug abuse prevention programs implemented in local communities is always a challenge. The first hurdle is to find what works. As this volume and several other reviews attest, there is growing evidence of many efficacious preventive interventions for substance abuse (e.g., Jacobs & Brounstein, 2002). For example, in a study of more than 10,000 children ages 10 to 17 years participating in 48 programs, prevention programs were shown to play a clear role in reducing youth substance use and delaying onset of use (Springer, Sambrano, Sale, Kasim, & Hermann, 2002). As an example, the National Registry of Effective Programs and Practices (NREPP) has identified more than 100 effective programs, 52 of which are fully ready for wider dissemination. Once programs are identified, the challenge is moving them into the community. This chapter discusses approaches used at the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) to facilitate local implementation of evidence-based substance abuse prevention programs for youths. In doing so, our intent is to illustrate key issues in overcoming the hurdle of translating research to practice. We first provide an extended case example of the progress from development and testing to implementation and transfer of technology of a program identified as a model program by CSAP: the Families and Schools Together (FAST). In this chapter, we have chosen to concentrate on describing the experience of a community service provider in implementing FAST, rather than on the details of the program itself. Then we discuss the issues related to these processes more generally. The chapter ends by considering what role CSAP and other research entities can play in helping states, communities, schools, and prevention agencies meet these challenges and what next steps might help to expand that role.

Cain JJ; Dickinson P; Fernald D; Bublitz C; Dickinson LM; West D. Family physicians and youth tobacco-free education: Outcomes of the Colorado Tar Wars Program. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine 19(6): 579-589, 2006. (25 refs.)

Background: Tar Wars is a national school-based tobacco-free education program operated by the American Academy of Family Physicians. The Tar Wars lesson uses an interactive 45-min session taught by volunteer family physicians in 4th- and 5th-grade classrooms and focuses on the short-term image-based consequences of tobacco use. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of the Tar Wars program in Colorado with both quantitative and qualitative measures. Methods: Students participating in the quantitative evaluation were tested before and after a Tar Wars teaching session using a 14-question test covering the short-term and image-based consequences of tobacco use, cost of smoking, tobacco advertising, and social norms of tobacco use. Qualitative evaluation of the program included guided telephone interviews and focus groups with participating students, teachers, and presenters. Results: Quantitative evaluation showed statistically significant improvement in correct responses for the 14 questions measured with an average increase in correct responses from 8.95 to 10.23. Three areas recommended by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) for youth tobacco prevention showed greater change in correct responses, including cost of smoking, truth of tobacco advertising, and peer norms of tobacco use. Qualitative evaluation found that the overall message of the session was well received, that previously known tobacco information was reinforced by its presentation in a novel format, and that new information learned included cost of smoking, truth of tobacco advertising, and peer norms of tobacco use. Conclusions: The Tar Wars lesson plan is effective in increasing students' understanding about the short-term consequences of tobacco use, cost of tobacco use, truth of tobacco advertising, and peer norms. Tar Wars meets the CDC guidelines as one component of effective comprehensive youth tobacco prevention.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Gfroerer J; Caraballo R. Racial/ethnic differences among youths in cigarette smoking and susceptibility to start smoking -- United States, 2002-2004. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 55(47): 1275-1277, 2006. (10 refs.)

To assess the prevalence of cigarette smoking among youths aged 12-17 years in six major racial/ethnic populations and nine Asian or Hispanic subpopulations in the United States, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration and CDC analyzed self-reported data collected during 2002--2004 from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). This report summarizes the results of that analysis. It was found that the estimated prevalence of cigarette smoking in this age group ranged from 23.1% for American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) to 2.2% for Vietnamese. In that survey current cigarette smoking was assessed by asking respondents aged 12--17 years, "During the past 30 days, have you smoked part or all of a cigarette?" Youths who answered "yes" were classified as current smokers. Susceptibility to start smoking among self-reported nonsmokers was determined by the following two questions: 1) "If one of your best friends offered you a cigarette, would you smoke it?" and 2) "At any time during the next 12 months, do you think that you will smoke a cigarette?" Possible answers were "definitely not," "probably not," "probably yes," and "definitely yes." Those who answered "definitely not" to both questions were classified as nonsusceptible; those who answered with any other combination of responses were considered susceptible to start smoking. As noted, AI/ANs youth had the greatest cigarette smoking prevalence (23.1%), followed by non-Hispanic whites (14.9%), Hispanics (9.3%), non-Hispanic blacks (6.5%), and Asians (4.3%). A wide range in susceptibility to start smoking was observed among youths who had never smoked. Overall, 22.2% were susceptible to start smoking. Youths in the Mexican subpopulation were significantly more susceptible (28.8%) to start smoking than non-Hispanic white (20.8%), non-Hispanic black (23.0%), Cuban (16.4%), Asian Indian (15.4%), Chinese (15.3%), and Vietnamese (13.8%) youths. For all questions, there were no significant differences among an ethnic sub-groups, or by gender. Children and teens constitute the majority of all new smokers. In 2003, cigarette companies spent approximately $15.2 billion to promote their products, nearly triple their spending in 1996. Conversely, spending by state tobacco-control programs declined from $749.7 million in 2002 to $551.0 million in 2006, an amount still less than 3% of the $21.3 billion that the states received in 2005 from tobacco excise taxes and the 1998 Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement. The decline in spending on tobacco-control programs might have been a factor in slowing the progress made in reducing smoking among adolescents. Sustained, culturally appropriate interventions to prevent youths from starting to smoke or help them to quit might be effective in racial/ethnic populations and subpopulations with high prevalences of cigarette smoking. To aid these populations in developing programs, systematic reviews of the effectiveness of interventions to reduce or prevent tobacco use are offered by the Guide to Community Preventive Services at .

Public Domain

Crunkilton D; Paz JJ; Boyle DP. Culturally competent intervention with families of Latino youth at risk for drug abuse. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions 5(1/2): 113-131, 2005. (45 refs.)

A culturally specific intervention for families with children at risk for substance abuse was implemented by Proyecto Juventud (Youth Project), a community-based family services program located in the rural southwestern United States. This intervention, incorporating culturally appropriate language, beliefs, values, and principles, provided substance abuse education to families. Participants were pretested at intake and posttested at one year, utilizing one measure for knowledge of drugs and drug abuse, and a second measure for family functioning. Results indicated that parents' scores relating to drug and drug abuse knowledge showed a trend of improvement on 16 out of 20 items. The results on family functioning were inconclusive. The study illustrated the importance of using a cultural approach with Latino families in the area of substance abuse prevention.

Dalton MA; Adachi-Mejia AM; Longacre MR; Titus-Ernstoff LT; Gibson JJ; Martin SK et al. Parental rules and monitoring of children's movie viewing associated with children's risk for smoking and drinking. Pediatrics 118(5): 1932-1942, 2006. (74 refs.)

OBJECTIVES. Evidence suggests that media portrayals of tobacco and alcohol use are important predictors of adolescent smoking and drinking. We examined the role of parents in monitoring and limiting children's movie exposure and whether or not this was associated with a lower risk of adolescent smoking and drinking. DESIGN. We surveyed 2606 child-parent dyads between 2002 and 2003. We asked children (9-12 years of age) how often their parents engaged in specific behaviors to monitor their movie viewing and if their parents allowed them to watch R-rated movies. We also surveyed children about parental monitoring of nonmedia-related behaviors. The primary outcomes were risk of smoking and drinking alcohol, defined by attitudinal susceptibility or early experimentation with either substance. RESULTS. Less than half (45.0%) the children were prohibited from watching R-rated movies. Of those who were allowed to watch R-rated movies, one third (34.7%) always viewed them with a parent and two thirds (65.3%) sometimes watched them without a parent. Less than 10% of the children reported that their parents consistently engaged in all 4 movie-monitoring behaviors. Even after controlling for parental monitoring of nonmedia-related behaviors and other covariates, children were at lower risk of smoking and drinking if their parents prohibited them from watching R-rated movies. Parental coviewing of R-rated movies was associated with a lower risk of child smoking but not drinking if parents consistently monitored what their children watched. CONCLUSIONS. Parental rules and monitoring of children's movie viewing may have a protective influence on children's risk for smoking and drinking, over and above parental monitoring of nonmedia related behaviors. This highlights a potential role for parents in preventing early initiation of tobacco and alcohol use among adolescents.

Dempster M; Newell G; Cowan G; Marley J. Facing up to binge drinking: Reducing binge drinking in adolescent males. British Dental Journal 201(9): 587-590, 2006. (20 refs.)

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of an orofacial trauma-based brief intervention, designed to raise adolescent males' awareness about the immediate dangers of binge drinking. Design: Non-randomised controlled exploratory trial. Setting Secondary level schools. Materials & methods: Pre, post and follow up validated questionnaires were used to assess a variety of descriptive data and changes in behaviour. Sixty Year 12 students were recruited in the pilot study and 182 in the definitive study. Intervention: A brief visual presentation containing salient information and anonymised photographs relating to orofacial injuries. Main outcome measures: Intention to binge drink. Results: The majority of participants obtained alcohol from off-licence or licenced premises. At the commencement of the study, 68% of the participants were regular drinkers. Whilst there was no change in drinking behaviour, the intervention group reported that it was significantly more likely (compared to the control group) that they would reduce their drinking to less than binge levels. Conclusion: The intervention resulted in participants reporting a more negative attitude towards binge drinking and increased their intention to disengage from binge drinking.

Duncan DF. A new direction for drug education: Harm reduction. IN: Huggins LE, ed. Drug War Deadlock: The Policy Battle Continues. Stanford CA: Hoover Institution Press, 2005. pp. 206-210. (10 refs.)

This is one of ten chapters in Part IV dealing with specific drug policy proposals, in this instance decriminalization. If the goal of drug policy is to reduce the problems deriving from drug use, then it follows that one goal of drug prevention education efforts is to provide the basis for harm reduction efforts.

Dunn MG; Mezzich AC. Development in childhood and adolescence: Implications for prevention research and practice. IN: Tolan P; Szapocznik JA; Sambrano S, eds. Preventing Youth Substance Abuse: Science-based Programs for Children and Adolescents. Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 2007. pp. 21-40. (115 refs.)

In addition to the epidemiological model emphasizing risk and protective factors, substance use prevention research has been increasingly using theoretical models of normative and pathological development. As a result, there is a growing consensus that the conceptualization and design of preventive intervention research have been markedly enhanced by the use of (a) basic developmental theory regarding the onset and course of developmental psychopathology and (b) empirical findings from research on the etiology of adolescent substance use. Equally important is the growing emphasis on the contribution of prevention research to the validation and refinement of developmental theory (Cicchetti & Hinshaw, 2002; Cicchetti & Toth, 1992; Coie & Jacobs, 1993; Kellam & Rebok, 1993; Tolan & Gorman-Smith, 2002). These reciprocal influences in the process of theory testing and theory building make prevention research the nexus between theory and practice. This chapter addresses (a) the role of theory in prevention research, with a brief description of the theoretical frameworks used in the set of prevention trials composing this volume; (b) the developmental tasks in childhood and adolescence that, if not successfully attained, constitute risk factors predictive of substance use; (c) the empirical evidence linking adolescent substance use to deficits in self-regulation, social competence, school bonding or achievement, and parental involvement (i.e., the four predictor variables targeted by the prevention programs presented herein); and (d) the implications for theory building of the developmental perspective adopted in the intervention studies reported in the ensuing chapters. The prevention trials in this volume are in a position to determine the changes in the relationships among the targeted proximal risk factors within a developmental stage, with cross-stage implications. The specification of the direction of influences suggests that early cognitive-behavioral intervention programs can prevent subsequent academic failure and informs recursive model building.

Emerging Social Issues Division (ESID), United National Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. Life Skills Training Guide for Young People: HIV/AIDS and Substance Use Prevention. New York: United Nations, 2003. (20 refs.)

This publication is intended as an aid to train, and increase knowledge and skills of peer educators working with youth for the prevention of HIV/AIDS and substance use. It provides insight into peer-to-peer approach to life skills training in non-formal education settings in the Asian and Pacific Region. Following an introduction providing an overview to training approaches, this publication is organized into ten modules. While comprising a total curriculum, they are also designed to be free-standing. These address the following topics: peer education; communication skills; the developmental tasks of adolescence; teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections; the basic of HIV/AIDS; drugs and substance use; life skills; practicing core skills; living with HIV/AIDS; and community action planning. Intended to support an interactive, participatory approach, a variety of activities are included -- pictures, games, exercises, as well as lecture outlines and case studies.

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction; Olszewski D; Pauliina S; Fotiou A; Pike B; Leibrand S. EMCDDA Thematic Paper -- Youth Media. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2005. (22 refs.)

Background: Previous work by the EMCDDA shows that the first accounts of ecstasy use in recreational and dance music settings were initially published in the mid 1980s by journalists working for youth, music and lifestyle magazines - a decade before drug information agencies began to collect and report data on ecstasy. In response to this the EMCDDA launched an exploratory study to look at the potential of youth media as a new source of information to improve capacity to understand and respond quickly to emerging drug trends. Youth magazines from five EU Member States - Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Finland and the UK - were included in this study. A total of 1,763 drug references were identified and explored from a sample of 26 different youth magazines published over a ten-month period. Key findings: The number of drug references found and recorded for this study differed considerably between countries and between different types of magazine. The highest number of drug references was found in a United Kingdom dance music magazine. Most drug references occurred in investigative reports, news reports and in interviews with celebrities from the music industry. The claim of magazine editors that their publications reflect the interests and attitudes of the readership is generally supported by the study findings. Overall, the three drugs most frequently mentioned were cannabis, ecstasy and cocaine, with 10% of drug mentions referring to combinations with alcohol. This reflects the findings of epidemiological surveys, which generally report relatively high prevalence estimates of the use of cannabis, ecstasy, and cocaine. Drugs that are less commonly used (such as heroin, crack and some new drugs) were mentioned less often. A contrast can be made between the portrayals of different drugs. Youth magazines were more likely than mainstream magazines to cover both the risks and benefits of cannabis and ecstasy use. In contrast, they adopted more proscriptive approaches to heroin and crack - focusing exclusively on negative aspects in a broadly similar way to mainstream newspapers and magazines. One-third of the references collected for this study were neutral, taking neither a negative nor positive attitude to drugs and drug-taking. They were included as news items or to entertain, for example in stories about the excessive behaviour of celebrities. Among the remaining two-thirds of drug references, the positive and negative aspects of drug use were more or less equally balanced. Some drug coverage appeared to be attempting to provide objective information which was, sometimes, extremely detailed. The acute physical risks of drug use, addiction and psychological problems were mentioned more often than other risks. The positive aspects of drug use most frequently portrayed were the psychological and relaxant effects, followed by increased physical energy. Ecstasy was the drug most often mentioned in relation to acute physical risk. Cannabis was the drug most often mentioned in relation to psychological risk, closely followed by alcohol and cocaine. Twelve percent of drug references collected for this study included a claim to some sort of evidence-based statistic (such as a number of drug seizures or deaths), but the source was seldom cited. Countries vary in terms of the legal and social controls that exist with regard to publishing information about drugs and the extent to which these controls influence magazine editors. Main conclusions: The study concludes that youth magazines constitute a useful and low-cost source of information for monitoring and understanding drug trends among defined readerships by reflecting lifestyles that reveal much about young people's drug behaviour and attitudes that official statistics do not reveal. Concerns about the scientific basis and quality of information about drugs provided in youth media has led to growing interest in exploiting these media to communicate evidence-based and effective education and prevention messages to young people. However, a large number of the drug references found and recorded for this study do not carry any drug message; they were included in magazines only to entertain or because they reflected the readers' interests. Other drug references carried mixed messages about drug use; for example, interviews with drug-using celebrities portray lifestyles to which some young people may aspire. Feature articles that focus specifically on drug issues often provide a mixture of positive and negative drug information although references to heroin, crack and some new synthetic drugs are generally very proscriptive. Drug information articles appear to play an unofficial role in communicating information in a manner that is likely to be viewed as interesting and 'objective' by young readers. More work is required to understand the potential part youth magazines may play in communicating, effectively, with young people about drugs to prevent drug use and drug-related harm. To engage, constructively, with media makers in Europe to develop new approaches to drug prevention will be a challenge.

Public Domain

Galanter M, ed. Recent Developments in Alcoholism, Volume 17. Alcohol Problems in Adolescents and Young Adults: Epidemiology, Neurobiology, Prevention, Treatment. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press, 2005. (Chapter refs.)

The edited volume in the series "Recent Developments in Alcoholism" addresses teen drinking -- epidemiology, neurobiology, behavioral phenomena, diagnostic and assessment issues, prevention and treatment data -- in a developmental context. It is organized into four sections and includes 17 chapters and 50 contributors. In the first section on epidemiology, chapters deal with the initiation and course of alcohol use, those at risk for alcohol problems, as well as both acute and long-term problems. Section II on neurobiology considers the age-related effects, as well effects on memory, and phenomenon related to the fact that the adolescent brain is not fully matured. Section III on prevention contains chapters dealing with programs for specific populations, such as college students, and high risk groups, as well as an examination of policies to reduce underage drinking. In respect to treatment, attention is directed to co-occurring alcohol, drug and psychiatric disorders, cognitive-behavioral treatments, family therapy, and elements involved in assessment.

Gatins DE; White RM. School-based substance abuse programs: Can they influence students' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to substance abuse? North American Journal of Psychology 8(3): 517-532, 2006. (27 refs.)

Over the course of one academic year (2002-2003), 413 high school students participated in a study to assess the effectiveness of a school-based substance abuse curriculum. Methods included pre and post test surveys. The substance abuse curriculum was successful in improving students' knowledge of (p < .001) and attitudes about (p < .05) substance abuse. In terms of behavior, 36% of the students who used drugs reported a decline in use and 26% who used alcohol reported a decline in use. Other noteworthy findings included the percentages of students who stated that exposure to the program had them "thinking about" reducing their use as well as percentages of students who acknowledged the negative impact substance use had on their schoolwork, family relationships, and choice of friends.

Goldberg ME; Niedermeier KE; Bechtel LJ; Gorn GJ. Heightening adolescent vigilance toward alcohol advertising to forestall alcohol use. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 25(2): 147-159, 2006. (72 refs.)

The authors structured an antialcohol intervention program for adolescents to help them develop negative attitudes toward alcohol advertising, to develop strategies for coping with the techniques used in alcohol advertisements, and to reduce their intentions to drink in the future. The authors derived the program from theories of inoculation, reactance, associative learning, and persuasion knowledge. Young adolescents who experienced the intervention-in particular, those who had drunk alcohol-reported greater understanding of persuasive strategies, more critical attitudes toward alcohol advertising and advertisers, and greater intentions not to drink in the future than those in the control group. The intervention appeared to be successful in helping the adolescents develop persuasion-coping behaviors; they reported that they would increase their vigilance and counterarguments when confronted with alcohol advertising in the future.

Gorman-Smith D; Tolan PH; Henry DB; Quintana E; Lutovsky K; Lenventhal A. Schools and Families Educating Children (SAFE Children): A preventive intervention for early elementary school children. IN: Tolan P; Szapocznik JA; Sambrano S, eds. Preventing Youth Substance Abuse: Science-based Programs for Children and Adolescents. Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 2007. pp. 113-135. (55 refs.)

Schools and Families Educating Children (SAFE Children) is a family-focused preventive intervention designed to prevent later drug abuse and associated problems such as aggression, school failure, and low social competence among African American and Latino children and families living in economically disadvantaged communities in Chicago, a population at increased risk for most social and psychological problems as a consequence of where they live (Brooks-Gunn, Duncan, Leventhal, & Aber, 1997). Unlike other interventions that target children on the basis of individual or family risk characteristics (including a number described in this volume), children targeted for participation in SAFE Children were considered at risk for later substance use and other types of behavior problems because of residence in high-risk neighborhoods. That is, they were considered at risk because of where they lived. This intervention is intended to help families as their children are making the transition from kindergarten to first grade. The intervention focuses on major risk factors for substance use and other problem behavior. These include (a) family factors such as parenting, family relationship characteristics, and management of child development; (b) parental involvement in school; (c) the child's academic performance and school bonding; and (d) the child's self-control and social competence. These components are integrated through a 20-session multiple-family group intervention and twice-weekly individual tutoring in reading for each child in the intervention. The focus on family relationship characteristics and parenting practices is designed to impact child social competence and increase self-regulation and control. Individual tutoring is provided to increase reading and related academic achievement and bonding to school. It is often noted that earlier intervention is likely to show more benefit than later intervention, and there is substantial evidence that appropriate family-focused prevention can reduce risk for drug and other substance abuse in adolescence. Inner-city families and their children show particular risk for many problems, including some types of substance abuse. However, few preventive interventions focus on this population, and even fewer focus on early elementary school years for prevention. SAFE Children is a validated, ecologically and developmentally appropriate intervention that helps families manage the critical responsibility of raising children to succeed in a high-risk setting. The program focuses on issues within the family, the school-family relationship, the child's initial academic achievement and adjustment, and a perspective for families that builds on capabilities to meet developmental and ecological challenges. The initial results suggest the program has significant benefits and shows promise for reducing risk for substance use and antisocial behaviors including delinquency and school failure. In this chapter, we note the major content and implementation features that determine SAFE Children's impact. It is not clear whether any of these can be overlooked or minimized and the benefits still obtained.

Guilamo-Ramos V; Jaccard J; Dittus P; Bouris AM. Parental expertise, trustworthiness, and accessibility: Parent-adolescent communication and adolescent risk behavior. Journal of Marriage and the Family 68(5): 1229-1246, 2006. (39 refs.)

A communication framework of persuasion and attitude change was utilized to analyze parent-adolescent communication about adolescent risk behavior. Three parent dimensions were deemed important: (a) perceived expertise, (b) perceived trustworthiness, and (c) perceived accessibility. Data were collected in surveys from 668 mother-adolescent dyads in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods in New York City (N = 668). Results showed weak correspondence between how expert, trustworthy, and accessible mothers thought they were on the one hand and how their sons and daughters characterized them on the other. All dimensions were related to how often adolescents said they talked with their mothers about a risk behavior, which, in turn, was predictive of lower levels of adolescent risk behavior. Implications for future research are discussed.

Haggerty KP; Fleming CB; Catalano RF; Harachi TW; Abbott RD. Raising healthy children: Examining the impact of promoting healthy driving behavior within a social development intervention. Prevention Science 7(3): 257-267, 2006. (59 refs.)

This study evaluated the impact of two targeted family sessions focused on driving issues delivered within the context of the Raising Healthy Children project. The Raising Healthy Children project began in the fall of 1993, drawing students in the 1st or 2nd grades from 10 schools. Schools were assigned to an intervention or control condition, and the school-wide, family- and student-focused preventive intervention to address developmentally salient risk and protective factors was delivered during elementary and middle school. The family driving sessions were administered to families in the intervention condition prior to and after teenagers received their driver's license. The first session consisted of a home visit with families designed to help parents and their children improve decision-making skills concerning driving and to develop clear standards and expectations regarding driving-related behavior. A second session, at the time of licensure, was designed to help parents and teens develop a written contract that stated family expectations, a plan for monitoring compliance with these expectations, and consequences for compliance or non-compliance. Consistent with the study's group-randomized design, intervention effects were assessed with multi-level logistic regression models in which students were grouped by their original school assignment. These models assessed specific effects of the driving sessions by adjusting for control variables measured when students were in 8th grade, prior to the driving sessions. Results indicated that students in the intervention group were more likely than students in the control group to report that they had a written driving contract (p = .003, OR = 4.98), and had participated in making the driving rules in the family (p = .025, OR = 1.70). Further, students in the intervention group reported significantly fewer risky behaviors including driving under the influence of alcohol (p = .021, OR = .45) and driving with someone who had been drinking (p = .038, OR = .56).

Hamilton M; KIng T; Ritter A, eds. Drug Use in Australia: Preventing Harm, 2nd Ed.. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. (320 refs.)

This book, with 19 chapters and 22 contributors, provides an introduction to drug use in Australia, the patterns of drug use, problems associated with use, treatment approaches, and policy issues. It also addresses harm minimization, the approaches to intended to reduce harms that can accompany drug use. The book is organized into two sections. The first section deals with a bio-social and cultural context of drug use. Topics include the pharmacology of psychoactive drugs, epidemiology of use, theories of drug use, psychological theories of drug use and dependence, and issues related to special populations -- women, aboriginal people, and adolescents. Part II deals primarily with harm reduction and following an introduction to the construct includes discussion of its role in law enforcement efforts, treatment approaches, community interventions, drug maintenance therapy, and the needs to develop a trained workforce.

Hawkins JD. Science, social work, prevention: Finding the intersections. Social Work Research 30(3): 137-152, 2006. (66 refs.)

Over the past 25 years the science of prevention of adolescent health and behavior problems has matured as a result of longitudinal studies of predictors of these problems and controlled studies of preventive interventions focused on those predictors that have revealed efficacious prevention strategies. This article builds on three Aaron Rosen lectures: Aaron Rosen's call for the use of evidence-based practice in the first lecture in this series, Mark Fraser's call for more intervention research in social work, and Claudia Coulton's explorations of "The Place of Community in Social Work Practice Research." It documents key developments in prevention science over the past 25 years and explores what these developments could mean for social work education and research over the next few years.

Hoikkala T; Hakkarainen P; Laine S, eds. Beyond Health Literacy: Youth Cultures, Prevention and Policy. Helsinki: Nuorisotutkimusseura r.y, 2005. (Chapter refs.)

What does health literacy actually mean? How does it relate to health promotion? Is it just a question of individual characteristics or does it have broader societal connections? Do young people who are involved in sports have better health literacy than other young people? Can drug users have health literacy? What about preschool children? How does health literacy fit into the current fitness craze? How can health literacy be promoted? This book endeavors to answer these and other questions, providing a theoretical and practical suggestions for the health literacy of young people. The focus is upon youth cultures, health policy and prevention programs. The edited work, with twenty papers, is organized thematically around four topics: youth and body, drugs and alcohol, implications for health prevention and sports.

Jenson JM. Advances and challenges in preventing childhood and adolescent problem behavior. (editorial). Social Work Research 30(3): 131-134, 2006. (27 refs.)

Johnson CA; Cen S; Gallaher P; Palmer PH; Xiao L; Ritt-Olson A et al. Why smoking prevention programs sometimes fail. Does effectiveness depend on sociocultural context and individual characteristics? Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 16(6): 1043-1049, 2007. (58 refs.)

Background: School-based smoking prevention programs sometimes fail in unexpected ways. This study tests the hypotheses that both social/cultural contexts and individual dispositional characteristics may interact with program content to produce effects that are variable in potentially predictable ways. Methods: Students in 24 culturally heterogeneous or primarily Hispanic/Latino middle schools (N = 3,157 6th graders) received a multicultural collectivist-framed social influences (SI) program, an individualist-framed SI program, or a control condition. Three-way linear and nonlinear interactions, program frame x social context x dispositional phenotype, were tested. Results: Three-way interactions were found for the dispositional phenotypes of depression and hostility with social context and program content/frame. In predominantly Hispanic/Latino schools, larger program effects were observed for high depressed and high hostile youth in both the collectivist and individualist framed programs. In culturally mixed schools, prevention effects were greatest for low depressed and low hostile youth, especially in the individualist framed program. In culturally mixed schools, there may have been a negative treatment effect for both programs among adolescents scoring high on depression and hostility. Discussion: Prevention program effects can vary by combination of program content, social setting, and individual dispositional characteristics. The results suggest that prevention program design and implementation should be sensitive to population characteristics at both the individual and sociocultural levels.

Kuntsche E; Knibbe R; Gmel G; Engels R. Who drinks and why? A review of socio-demographic, personality, and contextual issues behind the drinking motives in young people. (review). Addictive Behaviors 31(10): 1844-1857, 2006. (75 refs.)

The aim was to review the empirical research carried out over the last 15 years on the characteristics of young people (10- to 25-year olds) who have specific motives for drinking. In a computer-assisted search of relevant literature, 82 studies were identified. Concerning demographic factors, a developmental trend was found - from general, undifferentiated drinking motives in late childhood and early adolescence to more gender-specific drinking motives in subsequent years. With regard to personality factors, two specific patterns can be distinguished: extraversion and sensation-seeking correlate with enhancement motives, while neuroticisin and anxiety correlate most strongly with coping motives. For contextual factors, drinking motives were found to vary across countries but not among different ethnic groups in the same culture. Based on these results, preventive strategies should take into account general, undifferentiated drinking motivation in late childhood, and social and enhancement motives in adolescence, particularly among boys. Findings on personality indicate that it would be useful to focus on extraverted, sensation-seeking boys who drink for enhancement motives and neurotic, anxious girls who drink for coping motives.

La Rosa MR; Holleran LK; Rugh D; MacMaster SA. Substance abuse among U.S. Latinos: A review of the literature. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions 5(1/2): 1-20, 2005. (74 refs.)

Latinos have recently become the largest minority in the United States. High fertility and high immigration rates suggest continued high rate of growth. Alcohol and illicit drug use within this population give reason for concern. Beginning in early adolescence, Latinos and Native Americans lead the nation in alcohol and illicit drug use. They also have a high need for alcohol and illicit drug treatment compared to Whites and African-Americans. Research concerning ethnic differences is reviewed in order to gain an understanding of the patterns and trajectories of substance use within the Latino community. Prevention and treatment interventions specific to Latinos are described, and gaps in the literature are noted. Finally, implications of the current research findings for social workers and recommendations for future research are discussed.

Mandel LL; Bialous SA; Glantz SA. Avoiding "truth": Tobacco industry promotion of life skills training. Journal of Adolescent Health 39(6): 868-879, 2006. (72 refs.)

Purpose: To understand why and how two tobacco companies have been promoting the Life Skills Training program (LST), a school-based drug prevention program recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to reduce youth smoking. Methods: We analyzed internal tobacco industry documents available online as of October 2005. Initial searches were conducted using the keywords "life skills training," "LST," and "positive youth development." Results: Tobacco industry documents reveal that since 1999, Philip Morris (PM) and Brown and Williamson (B&W) have worked to promote LST and to disseminate the LST program into schools across the country. As part of their effort, the companies hired a public relations firm to promote LST and a separate firm to evaluate the program. The evaluation conducted for the two companies did not show that LST was effective at reducing smoking after the first or second year of implementing the program. Even so, the tobacco companies continued to award grants to schools for the program. PM and B&W's role in promoting LST is part of a public relations strategy to shift the "youth smoking paradigm" away from programs that highlight the tobacco industry's behavior and toward programs in which the industry can be a partner. Conclusions: Individuals and organizations responsible for developing and implementing tobacco control and youth smoking prevention programs should be aware of PM and B&W's role and motivations to encourage the wide-spread adoption of LST in schools.

Marsch LA; Bickel WK; Badger GJ. Applying computer technology to substance abuse prevention science: Results of a preliminary examination. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse 16(2): 69-94, 2006. (40 refs.)

This manuscript reports on the development and evaluation of a computer-based substance abuse prevention program for middle school-aged adolescents, called HeadOn: Substance Abuse Prevention for Grades 6-8 (TM). This self-guided program was designed to deliver effective drug abuse prevention science to youth via computer-based educational technologies that effectively promote learning of key skills and information. Results of a controlled, school-based evaluation demonstrated that the HeadOn substance abuse prevention program promoted significantly higher levels of accuracy in objective knowledge about drug abuse prevention relative to the demonstrably effective Life Skills Training Program. Participants in the HeadOn and Life Skills groups also generally achieved comparable, positive outcomes after completing their substance abuse prevention intervention in actual self-reported rates of substance use, intentions to use substances, attitudes toward substances, beliefs about prevalence of substance use among both their peers and adults, and likelihood of refusing a drug offer. The HeadOn program may be of substantial benefit in providing drug abuse prevention to middle school-aged youth in a manner that ensures the fidelity of the intervention. It may also provide comprehensive substance abuse prevention science that is more cost-effective than the labor-intensive prevention interventions that have been demonstrated to be efficacious, and thereby expand the reach of effective drug abuse prevention science.

Marsiglia FF; Kulis S; Wagstaff DA/Elek E; Dran D. Acculturation status and substance use prevention with Mexican and Mexican-American youth. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions 5(1/2): 85-111, 2005. (58 refs.)

This study examined whether language preference, as an indicator of acculturation, moderated the effects of a culturally grounded substance use prevention intervention for Mexican and Mexican American middle school students (N = 2,146) in Phoenix, Arizona. The main hypothesis was that levels of program effectiveness would vary based on the language preference of the students and the specific culturally grounded version of the intervention they were assigned. Findings show that matching language preference to particular versions of the intervention did not influence substance use related program outcomes, but that overall program effects (intervention versus control) did vary by language preference. English-language dominant participants, the most at risk sub-group, responded more positively to the intervention, while Spanish dominant, who had low substance use rates at baseline, and bilingual participants did not demonstrate significant differences between the intervention and control groups. Implications for school social work prevention interventions and prevention science in general, are discussed.

Morris MC; Cline RJW; Weiler RM; Broadway SC. Prescription drug abuse information in DARE. Journal of Drug Education 36(1): 33-45, 2006. (26 refs.)

This investigation was designed to examine prescription drug-related content and learning objectives in Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) for upper elementary and middle schools. Specific prescription-drug topics and context associated with content and objectives were coded. The coding system for topics included 126 topics organized within 14 categories. A two-dimensional coding system for context identified Use versus Abuse and Explicit versus Implicit references to prescription drugs. Results indicated that content and objectives found in D.A.R.E. represent a very narrow breadth of prescription drug topics. Moreover, all prescription-drug related content and objectives were presented in an Abuse-Implicit context. Although some educational material in D.A.R.E. modules potentially is related to prescription drugs, none of the content or objectives explicitly identify drugs discussed as prescription drugs. If elementary and middle schools rely on D.A.R.E. modules to teach students about drug abuse, students are likely to be under-informed about prescription drug risks.

Neighbors C; Larimer ME; Lostutter TW; Woods BA. Harm reduction and individually focused alcohol prevention. International Journal of Drug Policy 17(4, Special Issue): 304-309, 2006. (65 refs.)

This paper provides a brief overview of harm reduction and individually focused alcohol prevention strategies. Universal, selective, and indicated prevention strategies are described for several populations including elementary and secondary schools, colleges, and medical settings. This paper primarily reviews individually focused alcohol prevention efforts in the United States (US), where harm reduction has been less well received in comparison to many European countries, Canada, and Australia. Zero-tolerance approaches continue to be the norm in individually focused prevention efforts in the US, especially amongst adolescents, despite research suggesting that harm reduction approaches can be effective. Moreover, existing evidence supports that harm reduction approaches show considerable promise in universal prevention and have become best practices in selective and indicated prevention contexts.

Niederdeppe J; Farrelly MC; Wenter D. Media advocacy, tobacco control policy change and teen smoking in Florida. Tobacco Control 16(1): 47-52, 2007. (41 refs.)

Objective: To assess whether media advocacy activities implemented by the Florida Tobacco Control Program contributed to increased news coverage, policy changes and reductions in youth smoking. Methods: A content analysis of news coverage appearing in Florida newspapers between 22 April 1998 and 31 December 2001 was conducted, and patterns of coverage before and after the implementation of media advocacy efforts to promote tobacco product placement ordinances were compared. Event history analysis was used to assess whether news coverage increased the probability of enacting these ordinances in 23 of 67 Florida counties and ordinary least square (OLS) regression was used to gauge the effect of these policies on changes in youth smoking prevalence. Results: The volume of programme- related news coverage decreased after the onset of media advocacy efforts, but the ratio of coverage about Students Working Against Tobacco ( the Florida Tobacco Control Program's youth advocacy organisation) relative to other topics increased. News coverage contributed to the passage of tobacco product placement ordinances in Florida counties, but these ordinances did not lead to reduced youth smoking. Conclusion: This study adds to the growing literature supporting the use of media advocacy as a tool to change health- related policies. However, results suggest caution in choosing policy goals that may or may not influence health behaviour.

Nilsson M; Stenlund H; Bergstrom E; Weinehall L; Janlert U. It takes two: Reducing adolescent smoking uptake through sustainable adolescent-adult partnership. Journal of Adolescent Health 39(6): 880-886, 2006. (27 refs.)

Purpose: To assess the effects of a long-term intervention for tobacco use prevention that targets adolescents (Tobacco Free Duo). Methods: School-based community intervention combined with repeated cross-sectional surveys over 7 years. The intervention was performed in the County of Vasterbotten, Sweden, where survey data were collected in grade seven to nine schools on an annual basis for 7 years. Data for comparison were collected in grade nine on the national level in Sweden. In the intervention area, the annual number of seventh to ninth grade students participating in the study varied between 1300 and 1650. In the reference data, the number of participating ninth grade students approximated 4500 annually. Results: A significant decrease of nearly 50% was seen in smoking prevalence in the intervention area. The decrease was evident in grades eight and nine (ages 14-15 years) in both boys and girls. At the start of the intervention, smoking prevalence in grade nine was 16.1% in the intervention area and 23% in the national reference group. Although the prevalence in the national sample remained stable, there was a decrease to 9.0% in the intervention area at the end of the study period. Conclusions: These results suggest that the Tobacco Free Duo program contributed to a reduction in adolescent smoking among both boys and girls. Using a multi-faceted intervention that includes adolescent-adult partnership can reduce adolescent smoking uptake, and the intervention has been proven to be sustainable within communities.

Office of Applied Studies, Division of Population Surveys. Results from the 2005 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings. NSDUH Series H-30. Rockville MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2006. (223 Report refs.)

This is the first report based on the 2005 National Survey of Drug Use and Health, an annual survey conducted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. It is the primary source of information on the use of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs among the US population age 12 and older. The report is organized into nine chapters. Following an initial introduction setting forth the highlights of the report, the first chapter summarizes the nature of the survey, how the data is presented, and other sources of survey data and reports. Chapters 2 through 4 deal with illicit drug use, alcohol use, and tobacco use with data on use patterns by age, gender, racial and ethnic groups, geographic area, employment status, association with other substance use, and relation to driving. Chapter 5 provides data on the initiation of use of the major drug classes. Chapter 6 provides information related to prevention efforts: perceptions of risks associated with use, perceived availability, attitudes toward peers' substance use, parental attitudes toward use, exposures to prevention efforts, and parental involvement. Chapter 7 sets forth information on treatment, risk factors for abuse and dependence, treatment history, and the needs for specialty treatment. Chapter 8 addresses the prevalence of co-occurring psychiatric illness, with discussion of the prevalence of different mental disorders, treatment history in both the adult and adolescent (age 12-17) populations. The concluding chapter discusses trends in substance use among adolescents and young adults. The Report is accompanied by seven appendices, with information on methodology, statistical analysis, references, and selected prevalence tables. Data is presented in 146 figures and tables.

Pantin H; Schwartz SJ; Coatsworth JD; Sullivan S; Briones E; Szapocznik J. Familias unidas: A systemic, parent-centered approach to preventing problem behavior in Hispanic adolescents. IN: Tolan P; Szapocznik JA; Sambrano S, eds. Preventing Youth Substance Abuse: Science-based Programs for Children and Adolescents. Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 2007. pp. 211-238. (59 refs.)

The example of the Ramirez family (a predelinquent Americanized daughter and her traditional Chilean father are used as an example here) appears to exemplify the challenges facing many Hispanic families in the United States. Accordingly, the Familias Unidas intervention is designed to help families like the Ramirezes. Although Claudia is not yet abusing drugs or involved in aggressive or delinquent activities, her oppositional behavior and conduct problems are clear evidence that she is at risk for these negative developmental outcomes. As in most Hispanic families with an at-risk adolescent, it is clear that the most effective way to help protect Claudia from becoming involved in substance abuse and delinquent behavior is to increase Juan's involvement in her life. Familias Unidas is a culturally specific prevention intervention for Hispanic families designed to increase three predictor variables for adolescent substance abuse prevention: parental investment, adolescent self-regulation/behavior control, and adolescent school bonding. Familias Unidas is based in ecodevelopmental theory (Szapocznik & Coatsworth, 1999), which postulates that certain factors may place adolescents at risk for substance abuse, including (a) immigrating from a culture whose values are largely incompatible with those of American culture, (b) living in a household in which the parent figures are likely to be unfamiliar with risks facing adolescents (and the corresponding demands placed on parents) in the United States, and (c) residing in a poor community (Pantin, Schwartz, Sullivan, Coatsworth, & Szapocznik, 2003; Szapocznik & Coatsworth, 1999). For this reason, in Familias Unidas, participants are selected on the basis of macrosystemic risk factors (e.g., poverty, neighborhood disorganization, and recent immigrant status) that, if not countered by protective mechanisms, can lead to problems at other levels. The findings and vignettes presented in this chapter provide some evidence that fostering communication, positive parenting, and support skills; facilitating parental connections to the school system; and creating supervisory networks with peers' parents have the potential to promote parental investment in Hispanic families. In turn, this increase in parental investment has the potential to produce gains in important domains of adolescent adjustment, such as self-regulation/behavior control. Although the original version of Familias Unidas (Pantin, Coatsworth, et al., 2003) did not significantly affect school bonding and academic achievement, refinements to the program based on our clinical and empirical results may help the program to affect this outcome. In turn, these protective factors may offset the effects of risks associated with immigration, disadvantage, cultural isolation, and parent-adolescent acculturation differences, and they may help to prevent adolescent substance abuse and delinquency.

Pbert L; Fletcher KE; Flint AJ; Young MH; Druker S; DiFranza J. Smoking prevention and cessation intervention delivery by pediatric providers, as assessed with patient exit interviews. Pediatrics 118(3): E810-E824, 2006. (74 refs.)

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to evaluate the degree to which a smoking prevention and cessation intervention was delivered by providers to adolescents in the pediatric office setting. METHODS. Eight pediatric clinics in central Massachusetts were assigned randomly to either a special intervention (brief pediatric provider-delivered intervention plus peer counseling) or the usual care condition. Subjects (n = 2710) were adolescents 13 to 17 years of age, both smokers (smoked in the past 30 days) and nonsmokers/former smokers. The degree to which smoking prevention and treatment interventions were delivered by providers was assessed through patient exit interviews with adolescents after their clinic visits; interviews assessed the occurrence of 10 possible intervention steps. RESULTS. The percentage of providers engaging in the smoking interventions differed significantly between the special intervention and usual care conditions, according to adolescent reports in the patient exit interviews. For nonsmokers/former smokers, overall patient exit interview scores were 7.24 for the special intervention condition and 4.95 for the usual care condition. For current smokers, overall patient exit interview scores were 8.40 and 6.24 for the special intervention and usual care conditions, respectively. Intervention fidelity of special intervention providers was 72.2% and 84.0% for nonsmokers/former smokers and current smokers, respectively. CONCLUSIONS. Pediatric providers who receive training and reminders to deliver a brief smoking prevention and cessation intervention to adolescents in the context of routine pediatric primary care practice can do so feasibly and with a high degree of fidelity to the intervention protocol.

Petrie J; Bunn F; Byrne G. Parenting programmes for preventing tobacco, alcohol or drugs misuse in children under 18: A systematic review. Health Education Research 22(2): 177-191, 2007. (37 refs.)

We conducted a systematic review of controlled studies of parenting programmes to prevent tobacco, alcohol or drug abuse in children < 18. We searched Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, specialized Register of Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group, Pub Medicine, psych INFO, CINALH and SIGLE. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data and assessed study quality. Data were collected on actual or intended use of tobacco, alcohol or drugs by child, and associated risk or antecedent behaviours. Due to heterogeneity we did not pool studies in a meta-analysis and instead present a narrative summary of the findings. Twenty studies met our inclusion criteria. Statistically significant self-reported reductions of alcohol use were found in six of 14 studies, of drugs in five of nine studies and tobacco in nine out of 13 studies. Three interventions reported increases of tobacco, drug and alcohol use. We concluded that parenting programmes can be effective in reducing or preventing substance use. The most effective appeared to be those that shared an emphasis on active parental involvement and on developing skills in social competence, self-regulation and parenting. However, more work is needed to investigate further the change processes involved in such interventions and their long-term effectiveness.

Pidd K; Boeckmann R; Morris M. Adolescents in transition: The role of workplace alcohol and other drug policies as a prevention strategy. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 13(4): 353-365, 2006. (32 refs.)

Aims: To assess ( 1) the alcohol and other drug ( AOD) consumption patterns of adolescent new entrants to the Australian workforce and ( 2) the association between these consumption patterns and workplace factors. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 300 first-year apprentices ( aged 15 - 22 years) employed in South Australian workplaces was conducted. Findings: More than 40% of apprentices surveyed reported cannabis and alcohol consumption patterns that placed them at risk of potential harm. In addition, 19% reported drinking alcohol and 6.7% reported using cannabis during work-related hours. Workplace alcohol availability and the existence of workplace AOD policies were significantly associated with apprentices' consumption patterns. Apprentices employed in workplaces where alcohol was available used alcohol more often than those reporting no alcohol availability at work. Apprentices reporting an alcohol policy at their workplace reported less alcohol use compared to apprentices reporting no policy. Apprentices reporting a drug policy at their workplace reported lower levels of cannabis and alcohol use compared to those reporting no policy. Conclusions: Workplace factors, in particular workplace AOD policies, were significantly associated with adolescent AOD use both at and away from the workplace. These findings indicate that the workplace has potential as a setting for prevention strategies design to minimize AOD-related harms.

Prado G; Schwartz SJ; Pattatucci-Aragon A; Clatts M; Pantin H; Fernandez MI et al. The prevention of HIV transmission in Hispanic adolescents. (review). Drug and Alcohol Dependence 84(Supplement 1): s43-s53, 2006. (108 refs.)

This article reviews the state of the science in HIV prevention for Hispanic adolescents. The article discusses the importance of preventing HIV in Hispanic adolescents. Literature is reviewed in three broad areas: (1) the prevalence rates of drug and alcohol misuse, sexual practices, and HIV infection; (2) risk and protective factors for drug and alcohol misuse and unprotected sex (in general and specifically for Hispanics); and (3) the state of HIV prevention intervention development and evaluation targeting Hispanic youth. Seven specific recommendations are advanced in areas that have the potential to further the field of HIV prevention for Hispanic adolescents.

Ringwalt C; Bliss K. The cultural tailoring of a substance use prevention curriculum for American Indian youth. Journal of Drug Education 36(2): 159-177, 2006. (82 refs.)

In this article we discuss the importance of the cultural tailoring (CT) of classroom-based prevention curricula to ensure their relevance to, and increase their receptivity by, racial and ethnic minority adolescent populations. Following a review of the pertinent literature, we develop an integrated model of CT that conceptualizes such adaptations into "superficial/peripheral," "deep structure/sociocultural," and "evidential," and subclassifies the first of these into "language" and "images." We then describe the results of the application of this model post hoc to the adaptation of a specific alcohol use prevention curriculum, "Protecting You/Protecting Me," to enhance its suitability for youth in three American Indian tribes in Nebraska. We conclude with a discussion of the adequacy of the model of CT we developed and the potential challenges and benefits of subjecting other curricula to this process.

Smith BN; Bean MK; Mitchell KS; Speizer IS; Fries EA. Psychosocial factors associated with non-smoking adolescents' intentions to smoke. Health Education Research 22(2): 238-247, 2007. (32 refs.)

Smoking is the most preventable cause of death in the United States. Most adult smokers began smoking during adolescence, making youth tobacco prevention an especially important public health goal. Guided by an extension of the theory of planned behavior (TPB), this study examined the role of psychosocial factors in accounting for adolescents' smoking intentions. Participants from three high schools (n = 785) were surveyed to assess smoking-related characteristics and behaviors as part of a statewide evaluation of tobacco prevention programming. Attitudes, subjective norms (and other normative factors) and perceived behavioral control were all associated with non-smokers' intentions to smoke. Having more favorable attitudes toward remaining tobacco free and perceiving that friends would not be supportive of smoking were both associated with decreased likelihood of intending to smoke. Normative influence and peer use were significant factors, such that having more friends who smoke was associated with increased odds of intent to smoke. Lastly, perceived difficulty to quit was related to smoking intentions, with higher confidence to quit significantly associated with intentions to smoke. Findings are consistent with the TPB-attitudes, normative factors and perceived behavioral control each helped account for non-smoking adolescents' intentions to smoke. Implications for theory and intervention building are discussed.

Spoth R; Redmond C; Shin C; Greenberg M; Clair S; Feinberg M. Substance-use outcomes at 18 months past baseline: The PROSPER community-university partnership trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 32(5): 395-402, 2007. (48 refs.)

Background: The study's objective was to examine the effects of "real-world," community-based implementation of universal preventive interventions selected from a menu, including effects specific to higher- and lower-risk subsamples. Design: School districts were selected based on size and location, and then randomly assigned to a control condition or to an experimental condition in a cohort sequential design. Setting/Participants: The study included 28 public school districts in Iowa and Pennsylvania that were located in rural towns and small cities, ranging in size from 6975 to 44,510. Sixth and seventh graders in these school districts participated in the study. Intervention: Community teams were mobilized; each team implemented one of three evidence-based, family-focused interventions (5 to 12 sessions) and one of three evidence-based school interventions (11 to 15 sessions), for 6th and 7th graders, respectively. Observations showed that interventions were implemented with fidelity. Main Outcomes Measures: Outcomes included student reports of past month, past year, and lifetime use of alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, methamphetamines, ecstasy, and inhalants, as well as indices of gateway and illicit substance initiation, at pretest and at a follow-up assessment 18 months later. Results: Intent-to-treat analyses demonstrated significant effects on substance initiation (marijuana, inhalants, methamphetamines, ecstasy, gateway index, illicit-use index), as well as past-year use of marijuana and inhalants, with positive trends for all substances measured. For three outcomes, intervention effects were stronger for higher-risk students than lower-risk students. Conclusions: Community-based implementation of brief universal interventions designed for general populations has potential for public health impact by reducing substance use among adolescents.

Spoth RL; Shin C; Redmond C. Long-term effects of universal preventive interventions on methamphetamine use among adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 160(9): 876-882, 2006. (34 refs.)

Objective: To examine the long-term effects of universal preventive interventions on methamphetamine use by adolescents in the general population during their late high school years. Design: Two randomized, controlled prevention trials. Setting: Public schools in the Midwest from 1993 to 2004. Participants: Study 1 began with 667 sixth grade students from 33 rural public schools; the follow-up included 457 students. Study 2 began with 679 seventh grade students from 36 rural public schools; the follow-up assessment included 597 students. Interventions: In study 1, schools were assigned to the Iowa Strengthening Families Program (ISFP), Preparing for the Drug Free Years, or a control condition. In study 2, schools were assigned to a revised ISFP (SFP 10-14) plus Life Skills Training (SPF 10-14 + LST), LST alone, or a control condition. Results: Self-reports of lifetime and past-year methamphetamine use were collected at 6 years past baseline (study 1) and at 4 and 5 years past baseline (study 2). In study 1, the ISFP past-year rate was 0.0% compared with 3.2% in the control condition (P=.04). In study 2, SFP 10-14 + LST showed significant effects on lifetime and past-year use at the 4 year follow-up (eg, 0.5% lifetime use in the intervention condition vs 5.2% in the control condition, P=.006); both SFP 10-14 + LST and LST alone had significant lifetime use effects at the 5 year follow-up. Conclusion: Brief universal interventions have potential for public health impact by reducing methamphetamine use among adolescents.

Sussman S; Earleywine M; Wills T; Cody C; Biglan T; Dent CW et al. The motivation, skills, and decision-making model of "drug abuse" prevention. Substance Use & Misuse 39(10/12): 1971-2016, 2004. (156 refs.)

Tolan P; Szapocznik JA; Sambrano S, eds. Preventing Youth Substance Abuse: Science-based Programs for Children and Adolescents. Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 2007. (Chapter refs.)

Adolescent substance use can interfere with cognitive, emotional, and social development and may even affect later functioning in adult domains such as parenting and employment. The Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) recognized that this problem does not arise anew in adolescence, but in fact has roots in childhood. CSAP identified four critical predictors from childhood for substance use that could be valuable targets for prevention of adolescent substance use: parental management of and involvement with the child, and the child's social competence, self-regulation, and school achievement. In this book, the editors bring together a body of intervention research into a practical guide that shows how seven selected prevention programs address these risk factors. After introducing the developmental and setting factors that affect risk for substance use, a general framework for translating this research into practice is provided. Chapters describing each intervention contain user-friendly explanations of the theoretical basis, intended population, methods and procedures, and critical implementation characteristics of each program and summarize how it was tested and shown to reduce risk for substance abuse. Illustrative case examples are woven throughout the text, showing the benefits gained from the approach. The book is organized to describe interventions that apply to participants at differing developmental periods. Chapters include programs for universal or general population and for high risk youth and families. The included chapters cover programs developed and tested for a variety of ethnic and cultural groups across varying locations.

Tolan P; Szapocznik J; Sambrano S. Developmental opportunities for prevention of substance abuse. IN: Tolan P; Szapocznik JA; Sambrano S, eds. Preventing Youth Substance Abuse: Science-based Programs for Children and Adolescents. Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 2007. pp. 241-251. (10 refs.)

This volume is intended to help bridge the gap between science and practice that hinders effective prevention of youth substance abuse. The gap is attributable to many reasons, but among the ones most of concern are the lack of accessibility to information about proven programs, the limited consideration of practical matters in designing and testing theoretically promising efforts, and the lack of coordination of empirical evaluations to date. This effort was an attempt to lessen that gap by coordinating development and evaluation of a set of promising programs on the basis of sophisticated consideration of prior research and practical issues in delivery. The present volume brings this approach to prevention science together with description of how the programs are done and what is needed to make them work. By relating developmentally and contextually focused efforts through incorporation into each targeting of key substance use risk-promoting processes, and by applying strong methods of assessment and evaluating effects of each program, there is an efficient gain for science and practice knowledge. Moreover, there is an opportunity to more readily and immediately relate scientific findings to practical concerns. This concluding chapter addresses the following topics: Scientific development and evaluation to effect public health; Further steps to improve the utility of science to guide prevention of substance use; The added value when scientific efforts in prevention are coordinated; Furthering the benefits gained from coordination of research efforts; Coordinating efforts from a developmental-ecological perspective; and Using the evidence-based programs for practice. This may be an important turning point in relating research to practice and potentially effective interventions to real reductions in substance abuse.

Trudeau L; Spoth R; Randall GK; Azevedo K. Longitudinal effects of a universal family-focused intervention on growth patterns of adolescent internalizing symptoms and polysubstance use: Gender comparisons. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 36(6): 725-740, 2007. (92 refs.)

This study evaluated effects of the Iowa Strengthening Families Program, a family-focused universal preventive intervention, on growth patterns of adolescent internalizing (anxiety and depressive symptoms) and monthly polysubstance use (alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, inhalants, and other illicit drugs), as well as the association between internalizing and polysubstance growth factors. The sample consisted of rural Midwestern adolescents (N = 383), followed from sixth through twelfth grade. Compared to the control group, the intervention group adolescents showed a slower rate of increase in internalizing symptoms and polysubstance use. Intervention effects on internalizing symptoms were similar for boys and girls; however, girls demonstrated a higher overall level and a greater rate of increase across time. The intervention slowed the rate of increase in polysubstance use significantly more for girls than for boys, although overall levels of use were lower in the intervention group for both genders. Associations between internalizing and polysubstance use growth factors were found for girls, but not for boys, suggesting gender differences in psychosocial development.

United Nations, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. Young People and Substance Use: Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation. New York: United Nations, ESCAP, 2005

This guide sets forth training tools for the development and implementation substance use prevention, treatment and rehabilitation programmes for young people in Asia, where substance use is growing among young people. It is intended for those who are in a position to help address substance use issues among young people as well as in meeting the needs of young people at risk of substance use and young substance users.The publication of this guide responds to the alarming increase in the spread of problematic substance use among young people in the ESCAP region. Following an introductory section, that offers an overview, including a glossary of terms and and web resources, the volume is organized into three training modules. Module I, titled "getting started" is divided into four sessions: Probing the world of a young substance user; Why do young people use substances? Substances and their use; and Consequences of substance use and stages of change. Module 2, with four sessions, is directed to prevention, the principles and strategies. The sessions deal with prevention principles and interventions; preparing for interventions on prevention; skills for preventing substance use and; and designing an intervention on preventing substance use. Module 3, also with four sessions addresses treatment and continuing care -- the principles of treatment and continuing care; stages of change and stages of care; core life skills; and designing an intervention on treating substance use.

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Emerging Social Issues Division (ESID). Life Skills Training Guide for Young People: HIV/AIDS and Substance Use Prevention. Singapore: United National Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 2003. (27 refs.)

This manual was created to support the efforts of government and civil society organization to prepare peer educators to become involved in two interrelated and critical health issues that young people face in the Asia-PAcific region, namely, HIV/AIDS and substance use. The training guide is composed of 11 modules, with an appendix on needs assessment. Module 0 provides basic inputs on what training is, what it means to be a good trainer, learning theory and how to begin a training programme. It includes games designed to integrate participants into a group. Module 1 deals with the basics of peer education, including the application of peer education and its relevance for young people in the context of HIV/AIDS. There are indicators on the skills that are central to the development of a peer educator and skills for undertaking peer education. Module 2, on communication, is particularly useful for peer educators who deal with sensitive subjects, such as substance use, HIV/AIDS and sexual behaviour. It provides a critical training elements related to effective communication, listening, seeing, observing. It also outlines key messages for the prevention of HIV/AIDS. Module 3 is designed to help the facilitator communicate an understanding of the basics of adolescence, including cognitive and emotional change, physical change and nutritional needs. The focus is on developing an understanding of adolescence from a holistic perspective. Modules 4 and 5 are intended to provide the facilitator with techniques and methods related to the core issues of teenage pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS. It includes a section on frequently asked questions. Module 6 relates to drugs and substance use in the context of youth and HIV/AIDS. There is a section on critical reflection. Included here are several technical terms that are explained in the context of the training guide. General life skills are dealt with in Module 7. Learning and practising core life skills are the focus of Module 8. Both modules, taken together, enable the facilitator to help young people avoid risk behaviour and protect themselves from HIV/AIDS. Module 8 introduces a range of important life skills topics, such as gender, decision making, goal setting and differentiating between �wants� and �needs.� Module 9 is designed to help facilitators train peer educators on how to care for and support people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs). Finally, in Module 10 on action planning, participants learn to develop basic planning skills. Each module is designed to stand alone. Preparation of the training guide considered the need to equip facilitators with methods and techniques, as well as information on relevant conceptual issues. The guiding pedagogy is participatory. Pictures, games, exercises, lectures, case studies, general reading and diagrams are included.

Wagenaar AC; Erickson DJ; Harwood EM; O'Malley PM. Effects of state coalitions to reduce underage drinking: A national evaluation. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 31(4): 307-315, 2006. (50 refs.)

Introduction: Drinking by youth remains prevalent. The Reducing Underage Drinking through coalitions (RUD) project funded ten states for 8 years to form coalitions designed to change the policy and normative environment regarding youth access to alcohol. An independent national outcome evaluation of this $21-million effort was conducted. Methods: Using a longitudinal quasi-experimental design, the ten intervention states were compared with the other 40 states, with repeated annual measures of outcomes from 1995 to 2004. Measures included print news media coverage, legislative bills enacted, youth drinking behavior, and youth alcohol-related driving behaviors and traffic crash mortality. Analyses using latent growth curve modeling methods were conducted in 2005. Results: Significant differences in slopes between treatment and comparison states were found for several outcome measures, particularly in the more-proximal outcome domains. Across all outcome domains, the pattern of effects was in the direction of positive effects of the RUD coalitions, although for most individual measures the differences were not statistically significant. The magnitude of observed differences associated with the RUD coalitions were sizable, with an estimated effect size of 1.10 on media coverage, 0.46 on state policies enacted, -0.44 on youth drinking behaviors, and -0.16 on alcohol-related driving and fatal car-crash mortality. Conclusions: The pattern of results and the magnitude of estimated effects provides evidence of effect of the RUD coalitions. The lack of statistically significant differences for most individual outcome measures indicates the difficulty of unambiguously demonstrating the full effects of an effort designed to change behaviors and health outcomes of the entire youth population of multiple states.

Wood E; Shakeshaft A; Gilmour S; Sanson-Fisher R. A systematic review of school-based studies involving alcohol and the community. (review). Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 30(6): 541-549, 2006. (44 refs.)

Objective: To describe and critique methodological aspects of school-based interventions that involve a broader community initiative. Methods: An electronic search of 11 databases and manual search of references for intervention studies published in peer-reviewed journals from January 2000 to August 2004. To be included in the review, alcohol needed to be a primary focus of the study, the intervention to be school based and include grades between five and 12, and the intervention needed to involve the community. Results: Sixteen articles were selected for inclusion in the review. Methodologically, several studies excluded reporting important details (e.g. follow-up periods unclear), process measures were ignored by some studies (e.g. exposure to intervention), and some employed less than optimal outcome measures (such as attitudes and knowledge). Student education, some form of parental involvement and researchers providing resources to the school, were the most frequently employed intervention strategies. Conclusions: There is a clear need to conduct more rigorous evaluation studies and to increase reporting standards for school-based interventions. There is also tentative scope to include the community more broadly, rather than focus on established relationships within the school environment. Implications: As evidence suggests, there is limited effectiveness in school-based interventions. It may be beneficial to do lowest-cost interventions that have some evidence for effect, complemented by strategies identified by expert opinion, until further rigorous evidence arises.